Macbeth †explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay

I am now going to explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 and what I would change from how the play has been originally shown. If I was directing Act 2 Scene 1, I would want Macbeth to appear to the audience as if he is cracking under the pressure and for him to appear insane, unhappy and insecure. Macbeth acts different from when we first saw him with Banquo, as now he is about to commit a crime of treason and kill his beloved King. This is very different from when we first saw him as he loved his King and he would die for him but now it is in reverse. This is important that the audience understand he is very different and not the same person due to his greed for power. It is imperative that he is portrayed this way so the audience can see he is weaker and worse of especially as his wife, Lady Macbeth has been pressuring him in to completing his task of murdering King Duncan. If it was not for his wife then I do not think that Macbeth would have gone through with it. This change in Macbeth’s character will hopefully have an affect on the audience so they can see how the three witches and his wife have affected him and his state of mind. Macbeth is realizing that he is weaker than he thought and that he is making a mistake, he doesn’t want to commit the murder but his wife pushes and pressures him into killing his King. This shows the audience that at this time Lady Macbeth is stronger than Macbeth and in a better state of mind. He starts to imagine things and this is a sign of him being insane, and mentally unstable. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me Clutch thee.† p. 43 This speech is important in the understanding of Macbeth’s role in this scene. So I would want Macbeth to be sitting at the end of a table and to †¦ say this in such a way that the audience can see him turning mentally insane. I would want him saying the sentence slowly and negatively, emphasising â€Å"toward† as if he is surprised about it, also holding a dagger infront of him looking at it up and down with eyes that look blurred feeling the blade. Also I would want a low-angled shot showing him overcastting the camera to give that extra touch of madness during the first line. Then I would also have a close up of him holding the dagger to get his face and dagger in the same camera shot for the last two lines. To add to the tension of this speech there would be music playing in the background that would be farley heavy to give the impression of evil and what is about to happen. This will make the audience grasp his character and understand what he is going through at this time in the play. After this speech I would have had Macbeth walking up the stairs with the dagger looking bedazzled and insane and then I would have him raise it above his head as he reached the top of the stairs. After he comes out of the room I would have him looking down at his hands ready to brake down and crumble at his knees. Once he reaches his room I would have him collapse onto the bed and lay there feeling guilty. Also when he looks at his hands I would have him start to shed tears to show that he is a wimp and insecure.

Docu: Meaning of Life and Affirmative Team Essay

I DEFINITION â€Å"Substantial† means considerable or to a large degree — this common meaning is preferable because the word is not a term of art Arkush, 2002 (David, JD Candidate – Harvard University, â€Å"Preserving â€Å"Catalyst† Attorneys’ Fees Under the Freedom of Information Act in the Wake of Buckhannon Board and Care Home v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources†, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Winter, 37 Harv. C. R. -C. L. L. Rev. 131) IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. I DEFINITION â€Å"Substantial† means considerable or to a large degree — this common meaning is preferable because the word is not a term of art Arkush, 2002 (David, JD Candidate – Harvard University, â€Å"Preserving â€Å"Catalyst† Attorneys’ Fees Under the Freedom of Information Act in the Wake of Buckhannon Board and Care Home v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources†, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Winter, 37 Harv. C. R. -C. L. L. Rev. 131) IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS B. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 3. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 4. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES F. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. G. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. H. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. I. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. J. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INCREASE *to make greater IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School TRANSPORTATION *movement from one place to another. IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 5. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 1. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INFRASTUCTURE *basic, underlying framework or features of a system IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School INVESTMENT *putting money in something offering profitable returns. IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 1. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 2. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical. Maya Garabedian Boise High School TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE *framework related to all modes of transportation IDEFINITION IIVIOLATION IIISTANDARDS A. Limits: The debate must be limited to interpretations that are predictable, fair, and debatable. 6. Predictability: The negative must be able to accurately predict what is to be debated. If we cannot, all fairness and educational value is lost. 1. Contextual: The definition is taken from a source, which represents an expert in the field. This is the definition we should look at to accurately interpret the meaning of the resolution. IVVOTING ISSUES A. Topicality is a rule of the game. Life all games, rules are established to ensure fairness and integrity of the game. Topicality does this. B. Topicality is an affirmative burden. The affirmative plan must be topical. Otherwise, the negative team wins the debate. C. Topicality is A Priori and a jurisdictional issue. The judge has the right and responsibility to vote against the affirmative team if they are not topical. The judge should not look at any other argument or reason to vote for the affirmative if they are non-topical. D. Topicality maintains educational value. By requiring the affirmative team to be topical, the negative can prepare and requiring the affirmative team to be topical preserves the education value of debate. E. Topicality ensures clash. Debate cannot occur if the affirmative team is allowed to debate non-topical cases. It is the negative responsibility to clash, just as it is the affirmative teams to be topical.

To What Extent Does Labelling Theory Offer a Useful Contribution to the Study of Crime and Deviance in Today’s Society

Labelling Theory To what extent does labelling theory offer a useful contribution to the study of crime and deviance in today’s society Introduction This assignment will Discuss labelling theory, it will attempt to explore the contributions made by labelling theorists, the criticism towards labelling theorists, and the discussion surrounding its reality as an actual theory. However the main focus will be proving an understanding of Howard Becker‘s Labelling Theory and will describe and evaluate Labelling Theory to the study of crime. In conclusion it will discuss how relevant labelling theory is today. According to (Wellford, 1975) Labelling Theory or The Social Reaction Theory as it is more often known has been around and has developed over time from as early as 1938. It became very popular during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s were it was seen as a new departure in theories of crime and deviance particularly in sociology. Edwin Lemert is widely recognized as the founder of what is called the Societal Reaction Theory. This is the forerunner to the Social Reaction or Labelling Theory which has present day acceptance and includes many of the same concepts. Currently, labelling theory suggests that when a person commits a crime, they receive the label of criminal. When a person is labelled criminal by society, they are likely to accept this label as a part of themselves and because the person now thinks of themselves as a criminal, they are now likely to continue in their criminal behaviour (Becker, 1963). This is still relevant to this day, e. g. f a male was to murder a female he will always be seen and known as a criminal. In order to understand labelling theory, familiarization is needed with Lemert’s Societal Reaction Theory. This theory explores the journey to social deviance in two stages; primary deviance and secondary deviance. Howard Becker is widely associated with the labelling theory through his volume Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. He also developed the term â⠂¬Å"moral entrepreneur† to describe persons in power who campaign to have certain deviant behaviour outlawed. He asserts that many of the laws that have been passed have been solely for this purpose, and that behaviour which is defined as criminal is dynamic and changes throughout time and that therefore, the actual criminal behaviour is irrelevant to the theory. (Becker, 1963). Becker himself has stated however, that the concept of his work is not a theory, with all the achievements and obligations that go with the title, or focused solely on the act of labelling as some have thought. It is not a single concept, being instead a number of assorted ideas that have been brought together under one approach, although critics have called the work ambiguous, inconsistent and at best a vague perspective Becker, never sought to provide an all-embracing, etiological explanation of deviance Becker himself prefers the term ‘Interactionist Theory of Deviance' developing the study of deviance from a distinctly social perspective, considering the processes by which particular types of act or people, come to be labelled as deviant. He has been influenced by works such as Cooley's ‘looking-glass self' , Lemert's ideas of social constructionism , and Mead's theories on the internalisation of the self, Becker makes two arguments: 1. Deviant behaviour must be conceptualized in terms of a sequential model since different causes operate at different stages, 2. Rules and enforcement processes must be viewed as developing through time rather than as an isolated moment of disapproval. Definition of Labelling Theory Also known as Social Reaction Theory, this is a theory originated by Edwin Lemert and then developed by sociologist Howard Becker. It is a social theory concerned with how people perceive themselves as delinquent or criminal due to the labels, which categorized and describe certain behaviours, that are applied to them by criminal justice authorities and by others in society. The theory maintains that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, and how the behaviour of an individual is influenced or even created by the use of certain labels (i. e. , thief, prostitute, homosexual). The resulting treatment of the individual then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into conformity. The theory also maintains that the deviance itself is characterized by societies reaction to any alleged violation of the rules or the expectations of what are considered normal conduct. Primary Deviance Primary deviance begins with an initial criminal act. As stated by Lemart it is a rule-breaking behaviour that is carried out by people who see themselves and are indeed seen by others as basically conformist by nature. Following this act of deviance the person may be labelled as deviant or criminal by their peers and society, yet they themselves do not yet accept this label. That is to say that they do not think of themselves in terms as being a criminal. It is this lack of acceptance to see themselves as criminal which differentiates primary from secondary deviance. This person shall remain in a state of primary deviance for as long as they are capable of rationalizing and able to deal with this label by justifying the act as a socially acceptable role (Lemert, 1951). When leading on to Secondary Deviance, the criminal label is placed on an individual during what is known as a Degradation Ceremony in which the accused person is formally or officially labelled as a criminal. This would normally take place during court sentencing, but may also come about in more subtle fashions as well. For example the relatives of a person become withdrawn and distance themselves from that person when they find out they have committed a crime, regardless of whether or not they face any formal charges (Wellford, 1975). An example of this would be an exotic dancer: In today’s society an exotic dancer is a perfect example. Others may label the dancer’s act as deviant while the dancer themselves may see it as a perfectly legitimate profession as with any other occupation which enables them to earn an income. Secondary Deviance According to Lemart secondary deviance occurs when there is an acceptance by the individual of the deviant behaviour and the criminal label, it unabsorbed into their self image, they therefore see themselves from that point in time as a criminal or deviant. This then becomes a mechanism for defence, attack, or adaptation to the problems of the individual caused by society’s reaction to their primary deviation (Lemert, 1951). is only considered to have occurred when the labelled person can no longer deny the label having undergone a degradation ceremony which labels the person eviant, be this through a personal audience such as family or friends, or a more formal one such as in a court of law, both the individual and society both now accept the view that the offender is a criminal. Once they finally accept this label as a part of themselves they will act ,from this point onward, in a way befitting this new criminal label. Secondary deviances is considered to have occurred when both society and the individual share the view that the offender is a criminal. Deviant Career and Master Status Becker's theory pays particular attention to the way in which society reacts to people with criminal labels. He suggests that this label becomes the person's Master Status, meaning that it is a constant label, that affects and over-rides how others in society will view them. The status that people will use to identify and classify the person will always be that of criminal. Any other statuses a person may have had are no longer heeded nor valid in the eyes of society. A person could be a parent, employee, spouse, etc. , but the first and major status that will come to mind to other people and themselves is that of the criminal (Becker, 1963). On occasion the person's criminal master status may compel them to conform more closely to society's accepted norms. This is an attempt to show to others that the person may have made mistakes in life, but such mistakes will not happen again. From this time onwards they will act in a fashion that is deemed Normal (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972). It is believed however, that in most cases where the master status is that of a criminal, secondary deviance will be completed rather than being resisted. An identity change will take place in whereby the person will now accept the label of criminal. With this new criminal identity is in place, there is subsequent pressure for the individual to behave accordingly. Such an identity change may be signalled by a person losing contact with their former friends (conformist) and starting up associations with other criminal labelled deviants (Becker, 1963). In this new peer group of similarly minded deviants there increases the likelihood of the person not only continuing but also possibly escalating the rate and seriousness of their criminal behavior. Negative Labelling There are a number of powerful individuals within society (politicians, judges, police officers, medical doctors) who can impose some of the most significant labels. The labelled person may be a drug addict, an alcoholic, a criminal, a delinquents or a prostitute to name but a few. The consequences of being labelled a deviant can be far-reaching. Social research indicates that those who have negative labels applied to them usually have a lower self-image of themselves, that they are more likely to reject themselves, and that they may even act even more deviantly as a result of the label. The research also shows that it is unfortunate that people who accept the labelling of others, whether it is correct or incorrect, have a difficult time changing their opinions of the labelled person, even in light of evidence to the contrary. In a small study of child behavior after punishment, it was found that if the audience held the offender in a positive regard, the offender was likely to rise to these expectations and act in a manner befitting a â€Å"good boy† (Wellford, 1975). In this way it is possible to use labelling theory in a more productive manner. The implications of the study results suggest that two things can be done in order to help prevent labelling theory from having negative effects on people who've broken the law. First of all if the court atmosphere could be avoided in situations where the crime were minor offenses or misdemeanors its possible that the offender would be able to avoid formal sentencing and the degradation ceremony that goes with it. In such cases rehabilitative therapy and out-of-court settlements would be preferable. The other possibility is that a formal ceremony which would cancel the stigma associated with the degradation ceremony could be held. Perhaps a court declaration or letter that the offender is hereby rehabilitated could be used after the offender has served their punishment (Broadhead, 1974). Criticisms of Labelling Theory There have been many criticisms on labelling theorists, Becker states that how interactionist theories have been accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy. From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of Labelling Theory. At the outset the theory states that â€Å"No acts are inherently criminal† (Wellford, 1975). This implies that acts are only â€Å"criminal† when society regards them as being â€Å"criminalâ€Å". The implications of this as stated by Howard Becker are that â€Å"criminal law is dynamic and ever-changing, differing from society to societyâ€Å". If this holds true then why are certain acts illegal and labelled as criminal in the majority of the civilized world? Murder, rape, arson, armed robbery to mention a few are all considered to be crimes in any society or country one would could care to name. The theory also claims that for a criminal to be successfully labelled as deviant that an audience needs to be present in order to provide a reaction to the crimes committed. If a murder is committed where the killer successfully avoids detection or raising anyone's suspicion, would that mean that the murder was not criminal and that the killer would not think of themselves as such? It may be probable that the murderer's own value system could initialize self-labelling, but the theory clearly states the labelling must come from a 3rd party (Hagan, 1973). There have been criticisms that the terms in labelling theory lack precision, and that there is no real account taken of the central social processes, such as how every day behaviour actually needs to have a societal reaction. The methodology generally is also seen as lacking clarity, and incorporating too many commonsense definitions and assumptions. It is felt that what is needed is a more detailed study in areas such as police procedures, or the categories deployed/applied by social workers and lawyers. in the case of police behaviour, For example, in police behaviour it is clear that much depends upon the appearance, image, or attitude of the potential suspect, and that very different treatments can be aportioned to suspects, depending on the collective and immediately formed social judgements of the police officer (Cicourel 1968). Labelling theory appears to over do the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy or a deviant career, there is no real gathering of evidence for this, especially what makes a label effective and permanent, how it becomes a master identity. Examples of Research Conducted by Labelling Theorists William Chambliss in 1973 conducted a classic study into the effects of labelling. His two groups of white, male, high-school students were both frequently involved in delinquent acts of theft, vandalism, drinking, and truancy. The police never arrested the members of one group, which Chambliss abelled the â€Å"Saints,† but the police did have frequent run-ins with members of the other group, which he labelled the â€Å"Roughnecks. † The boys in the Saints came from respectable families, had good reputations and grades in school, and were careful not to get caught when breaking the law. By being polite, cordial, and apologetic whenever confronted by the police, the Saints escaped labell ing themselves as â€Å"deviants. † In contrast, the Roughnecks came from families of lower socioeconomic status, had poor reputations and grades in school, and were not careful about being caught when breaking the law. By being hostile and insolent whenever confronted by the police, the Roughnecks were easily labelled by others and themselves as â€Å"deviants. † In other words, while both groups committed crimes, the Saints were perceived to be â€Å"good† because of their polite behavior (which was attributed to their upper-class backgrounds) and the Roughnecks were seen as â€Å"bad† because of their insolent behavior (which was attributed to their lower-class backgrounds). As a result, the police always took action against the Roughnecks, but never against the Saints. Conclusion Becker, (1963) claims that laws are established for a reason, and behaviour that is defined as criminal is dynamic and will change within time. This shows that criminal behaviour is not relevant to the theory. However it is still to this day seen as debatable. However there is one known exception, many labelling theorists say the system is biased towards the lower class, which constitutes the overwhelming majority of arrests and convictions within the American criminal justice system (Wellford, 1975). Becker is the usual source of radical variants of labelling. His work implies there is no need to explain deviance in the first place, that it is in fact a very common social activity, a normal one, which only becomes abnormal when it is to so labelled. Labelling itself then becomes confirming, a self-fulfilling prophecy, launching people on a deviant career. Today, one rarely finds labelling theories like those which predominated in the late 1960s. Certainly there are still social constructivist accounts of some type of deviance or another, and studies about the meaning of crime to criminals and criminalizers are still done. A hift seems to have taken place around 1974 in which labelling theory accommodated itself to legalistic definitions, or at least a focus on state power. Modern labelling theories came to recognize that societies â€Å"create† crime by passing laws, and that the substantive nature of the law should be an object of study. Sometimes, these are called criminalization theories (Hartjen 1974), and they have some resembl ance to societal reaction approaches, but they more closely fall into a field that criminologists trained in sociology call the sociology of law perspective or the study of law as a mechanism of social control. Most modern labelling theorists have been influenced by a critique of the underdog focus which was provided by Liazos (1972) when he said that sociologists need to stop studying â€Å"nuts, sluts, and perverts. † The one aspect of this theory that could be regarded positively is that it is very easy to understand and can be quickly explained, breaking down all criminal behavior into primary and secondary deviance with a few simple statements for each. Bibliography Alexander Liazos (1982) People First: An introduction to Social Problems Allyn & Bacon pp121 Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press Joseph Rowntree foundation (2009) http://www. jrf. org. uk/ accessed 12/03/09 Lemert, E. M. (1951). Social Pathology. New York: MacGraw-Hill Book Co. , Inc. Wellford, C. (1975). Labelling Theory and Criminology: An Assessment. Social Problems, Vol. 22, No. 3, 332-345

Why Germany moved it's capital from Bonn to Berlin Research Paper

Why Germany moved it's capital from Bonn to Berlin - Research Paper Example Bonn was seen as the city that epitomized West German economic success and political moderation but Bonn supporters defended it based on this success during the parliamentary debate separating it from Nazi which they believed haunted Berlin and they argued that Bonn was good for upholding the country’s democracy. Moreover, the debate cut across party lines, that is, some social democrats and Christian democrats supporting Berlin and others backing Bonn and this parliamentary division reflected people’s mixed feelings about where to locate their government and set on the newly united Germany. However, some leaders suggested that the debate was not a fight between two cities but a decision about the future of the society for everyone’s good. Most parliamentarians backed the move to Berlin since it symbolizes Germany’s unification. This essay explores what made Germany to move its capital from Bonn to Berlin. German lawmakers engaged in a very heated debate t o make a decision whether the capital of the newly reunified country to remain in Bonn or be relocated back to its historic eastern location in Berlin (Cowell). Bonn has served as the capital of West Germany until the reunification of Germany when Berlin was chosen to be the new capital and the move to Berlin has been lengthy and costly but this move had been delayed by construction problems, plan charges and bureaucratic immobilization. Even though the parliament voted to support the move from the West German capital of Bonn to the old German capital of Berlin, most politicians perceived this as a future happening. Bonn supporters argued that a move to Berlin which is under monarchy, chaotic Weimar Republic, and the Nazis would only ruin the country contrary to Berlin backers who claimed that Bonn represented a small town thus a small minded Germany but Berlin was actually the country’s spiritual and cultural heart. More so, this relocation was meant to enhance unity in the country, that is, the unity of people from Berlin and the rest of the east depended on this move. However, everyone was worried about the cost which was high and this was reflected in the parliament’s decision to make a move after a long time. Improving Berlin’s infrastructure required a lot of money. Accordingly, some have argued that the â€Å"enormous cost of moving all government ministries to Berlin would never assume Bonn’s role as the sole seat of government† (Quint 107). One major reason why German moved its capital from Bonn to Berlin was to ensure a change from a smaller to a larger city (Slack and Rupak 105). Unlike Bonn which was quiet and small in size, Berlin was â€Å"a brash and busy metropolis† and it ranks as a great city recognized worldwide (Holz). Bonn had no symbol of being a capital because being small in size, it cannot contain dominant section like other middle or large sized German cities do especially Berlin (Slack and Ru pak 105). This actually made Germany to move its capital to a larger city, Berlin. In addition, Berlin is situated at the heart of the east making it to the best choice as the country’s capital and seat of government. Furthermore, the unification treaty acknowledged Berlin as capital leaving the decision on the seat of government to the future German legislature (Quint 107). Berlin supporters argued that relocating to Berlin would be very important in providing both political and economic support but others opposed this claiming that moving all government offices to Berlin would only add more financial burden (Quint 107). Accordingly, eastern representatives argued that the shift to Berlin is crucial to enhance â€Å"economic recovery in the former GDR and bolstering a psychological sense of parity and equality for of

History of Comedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Comedy - Essay Example Old Comedy, like Greek tragedy, has a singing, dancing chorus who are characters in the play. New Comedy, from the middle of the 4th century BC, all over the Mediterranean (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/amahoney/ancient_comedy.html). Greek drama from c. 320 BC to the mid-3rd century BC that offers a mildly satiric view of contemporary Athenian society (http://www.answers.com/library/Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia-cid-10234587). Many extant examples are representative of these methods. Old Comedy was the mighty genius of Aristophanes grafted in Pantagruelism has influenced Cervantes, Swift, Voltaire and others (Bates 1906). Though the word Pantagruelism is means the characters are sustained by court fool. He exploited both of the spirit and mechanical appliances of old Greek comedy. He adopted the disguise of buffoonery to attack some prevailing hypocrisy. This is what Aristophanes did to master the chief characteristics of his prototype. In Old Comedy, the chorus becomes more separate, and often sings entr'actes that have nothing to do with the play; later, the chorus is dropped altogether. During New Comedy, the chorus and representative of forces reduced to a small band of musicians and dancers.

Cross culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cross culture - Essay Example The international transfer department is responsible devising policies related to the international assignments. As regarded by LVMH â€Å"international mobility† is the essence of career development which helps the potential candidates to acquire the requisite competencies. This case study delineates the procedure of international mobility. This assignment focuses on some of the key issues of international mobility so as to bring in light the challenges faced by the company and ways to tackle with them. Challenges faced by LMVH: LVMH, being a global company, required the expertise of personnel having international experience. To assure the availability of potential human resource who could operate anywhere in the dominated market, company decided to build in a pool of such asset by moving them internationally as part of their career development process. International mobility is the reality which has become pertinent for almost every global organization to work effectively in a cut throat competition. International assignments are considered as one of the most potent means of developing â€Å"Global leaders† (Stroh & Black, 2005). ... This at times become quite frustrating, time consuming and even more expensive when dealing with the potential subject’s non-technical requirements. The situation grows even more problematic when people try to compare there package with others holding same position in different companies within the group. LVMH follows a â€Å"balance sheet approach† to devise an appropriate salary for the expatriates. This approach is widely used owing to its advantages for an international assignments; it treats all the employees with equity without creating a difference in their salaries owing to the market rate of the host country, this in turn reduces the chances of uncertainty thus encouraging employees to take on the assignment (Stroh & Black, 2005). However, the increase in the firm size surges the administrative burdens and thus the cost. â€Å"Security benefits† is yet one other concern that needs to be dealt with appropriately when laying out the package. Security packa ges generally differ in each country. Devising a package keeping in view the host countries requirement at times is problematic owing to the complexities involved in it. Every country has its own rich culture strongly held by its dwellers. Cultural differences strongly impede the process of adjustment by a foreigner because of differing managerial values (Bigoness &Blakelly, 1996). Thus to ease out the process, LVMH believes in the training its employees. However training process is time consuming and the adjustment is left on the employees to deal with. Moreover devising and then implementing appropriate cost effective policies for managing international assignments and recruiting process pose a significant risk to

Intertexing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intertexing - Assignment Example Intertexing I have to work out right behaviors with whatever skills are left to me. Sadness and rage may at time strike in and at that point we are susceptible to depression but one doesn’t have to yield to these emotions to take control. One should take full charge and seek means to stay in peace rather going through moments of depression. It is one’s responsibility to engage in behaviors that do not encourage unhappiness. One should not be open to these emotions which makes him/her miserable. Happiness starts from within. Linda Christensen –Unlearning Myths. Mairs I was nourished on the milk of American culture: I cleaned the dwarfs’ house and waited for prince charming to bring me life; I swooned in Rhett Butler’s arms – my waist as narrow and my bosom every bit as heaving as scarlet’s; I thrilled to the adventures of Swiss Family Robinson, whose tormentors were as worthy hoard of Asian and Africans. Being under the hands of superiors, one is s ubject to them and is always at their service while hoping someone can help them out of the situation. However, desires can’t be achieved unless one takes a step out of the situation that is causing problems. Hayman R.L. - Smart People. Biklen I am not sure when I found out that some kids had high IQs. When I did find out, I’m not sure I much cared. When we were kids, learned our own ideas about â€Å"smart†, and they had very little to do with IQs. ... The girls, meanwhile, probably had their own hierarchy, but in the third grade, that was a mystery we boys had no interest in solving. The children may have high IQs as well as being smart in what they do but they need guidance from parents and teachers to improve their performance and that’s why they should be involved in IQ tests and other exams to determine the abilities. Children’s cognitive abilities unless well directed may lead to bad characters like insulting their peers and family members and also may get involved in petty crimes. Biklen Hayman R.L. Obviously, parents do not impose intelligence tests or other exams to establish the eligibility of children to participate in family life; it would be bizarre if they did. Rather, the Galatis and many other families promote their children, looking for ways for them to participate in mainstream activities. The question for schools, as for families, is this; should they fashion themselves as gatekeepers, engaged in a careful if somewhat arbitrary sorting process, â€Å"putting children in their place?† or is it the role of schools could use the crucible of everyday events as the proper context for assessing how to include and educate students; this would be an alternative to the common practice of assessing-to-place. The latter tends to the catalogue students’ deficits or disabilities. The former focuses only on issues of teaching and learning. Parents and teachers do not necessarily determine their children’s intelligence since children have their own way of learning as they interact with their peers. Kids need to nurture their own interests rather than depending purely on the interests of parents and teachers.

Change management of Toyota and Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change management of Toyota and Nissan - Essay Example The paper throws light on change management as a controlled approach employed to deal with changes both from the discernment of a human being or an organisation. It is a realistic method which involves altering individuals, teams, and organisations from an existing state to the preferred or future state. It is a managerial practice which intends to help employees in acknowledging the changes in their current industry environment. A change process or change management process is a set of actions that helps a group of members to control the specific change efficiently. The change process facilitates to trace the change requests, to evaluate and to endorse the requests, before execution. This mechanism eases the process of alteration. However, change is present in both personal and professional lives. Therefore, change management is the process which is utilised by organisations so as to accomplish their prospective goals. Change management process utilises varied tactics and procedures in order to achieve final objectives. Moreover, the process of change can be implemented effectively only if members coordinate and accept the change in a positive manner. It is the liability of the employees to manage change in such a way so that it enhances the effectiveness as well as provides inspiration and augments morale of employees of an organisation. Along with the employees, the superiors of an organisation are also responsible for proper adoption and implementation of changes. This can be done only with the help of proper communication and harmonisation among the employees of organisation. Proper management of a change can augment dedication and motivation of the employees towards work thereby improving productivity, firmness and profitability of organisation (Nakae, 2005). Hence, it can be avowed that change management is one of the significant systems utilised by organisations so as to retain and cope up with the cultural challenges of the current scenario. Change man agement is a practice utilised for sustaining in the global environmental conditions among other competitors in the long run (Fahy & Cunningham, 2007). The assignment mainly provides a concise understanding of the prime reasons for change, change management process adopted and the problems faced by the members of the organisations after adoption of the change. The organisations selected for the assignment are Toyota and Nissan. Discussion Change management is the process of scheduling, executing and evaluating of changes so as to cope up with the exigent environment. In order to sustain in this competitive environment, change is essential, so the practice of change management is also mandatory. The procedures of change management are mainly utilised so as to improve the level of potentials of employees and productivity along with development of new tactics, techniques and management systems. Change management process occurs due to diverse reasons in assorted organisations but in thi s assignment, internal issues related to human resource are predominantly highlighted. Reasons for Change Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the leading car producer organizations of Japan. It is a reputed trade name in the sector of automobile, and markets its cars with the brand name Datsun. It came into existence in the year 1934. Since then, Nissan Motor Company Ltd is adopting and accepting variety of changes in order to retain a reputed brand image in the competitive market of Japan. Moreover, in order to retain its uniqueness in the market among other competitors, change management is essential. However, in order to retain its market share and sustainability, Nissan Motors tied up with two other reputed automotive giants named Daimler and Renault (Renault, 2010). The prime objective behind this international collaboration is mutual

The power of Media within Sports Industry Research Paper

The power of Media within Sports Industry - Research Paper Example â€Å"Every piece of fur is the result of horrific cruelty. Animals trapped for their fur can suffer for hours or days in body-gripping traps, chewing through their own feet in a desperate attempt to escape. More than four million wild animals are trapped and killed each year in the United States by commercial and recreational trappers alone.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(The Cruelty of Fur Trim) The way human beings treat animals is certainly beyond the pale, animals are ruthlessly killed to please the taste buds of certain human beings who consume them on a regular basis, the slaughter that takes place is very painful for the helpless animals, the pain inflicted upon them is very hard to see but very little has been done to counter it. There are organizations fighting for animal rights but those organizations are not as active as they should be. This paper will throw light upon the views of Catharine A. Mackinnon and Elizabeth Anderson on how animals are being treated; both their views will be juxta posed to bring out the real essence of their respective arguments. â€Å"Each year, in China, millions of dogs and cats are cruelly killed by bludgeoning, hanging and slow strangulation with wire nooses and their fur turned into trim and trinkets. Chinese fur is often deliberately mislabeled so that it will be bought by unsuspecting customers around the globe.† (China’s Gold Medal for Cruelty). Catharine A. Mackinnon has a very feminist view on the exploitation of animals, she compares the state of animals to the state of women, she thinks that women and animals are both exploited and have more similarities than one. She claims that animals are treated like women and women like animals, this again goes to show the sheer exploitation of both women and animals. She goes on to say that women are as badly treated as animals, she is aghast when she makes this comparison and she is right in many ways, women are still being exploited in some areas of the world and so are anim als. â€Å"People dominate animals, men dominate women.† (Animal Rights, P277) The author sheds light upon how women and animals are being dominated in our society. She throws light upon the inequality that prevails in our society. The author brings out an excellent ideology; the suppression of both women and animals is because they are considered inferior, women are exploited because they are considered biologically weaker, animals are exploited because they are considered much inferior to the human race, the exploitation is purely based on the ideology of inferior and superior, a superior being starts believing that it is his right to suppress the inferior, the same has been highlighted by the author. The author is labeled to be a feminist because she talks about the male ideology and brings out the similarities in animals and women. â€Å"Qualities considered human and higher are denied to animals as qualities considered masculine and higher are denied to women.† (A nimal Rights, P278) The lesser humanity of women is conceded by men and they call women animal names like chick, bunny, bitch and so on, this again points to the inferior nature of women in the society, animals are lower than humans is also a presumption which with several human beings live with. The author also talks about the ridiculous ways in which both women and animals are exploited, rats are put in the vagina of women and it is thought that the rat would suffer

Process Analysis Essay on Fuel Prices Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Process Analysis on Fuel Prices - Essay Example On the other hand, my third essay sought to convince the audience to support my view of increasing fuel prices to curb global warming. I did this by specifically demonstrating the benefits of increasing fuel prices in America. Actually, to relevantly address different audiences, change the purpose of the paper, change the message of the second essay, and remain in the right context, these adjustments were necessary. Such adjustments include a change in my introduction on my second essay, diction, and style of writing (Trinity College of the Bible Web). The adjustments, therefore, enabled me to address a different audience, convey a different message, alter the context, and change the purpose of the paper. The adjustments reflected my rhetorical choices in my writing process. As a result, my writing was effective in informing and convincing my audience to support the increase in fuel prices for purposes of controlling global warming because of increased fuel emissions. This paper deta ils the reflection on my writing process and rhetorical analysis on my writing process from the controversy essay to public argument essay on increasing the fuel prices in America. Indeed, I was able to change the vision of my audience from a controversial point of view to a convincing position on the need to support the increase in fuel prices as a measure to control global warming. ...I equally used facts and background information to appeal to the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Nevertheless, to address a different audience that may not be that learned, it was necessary to change the introduction. After drawing the extent of the problem and the need for communal involvement, it was easy to change the vision of my audience by proposing my solution. However, I changed the introduction of the third essay by stating unconditionally the existence and adversity of global warming in the modern world to appeal to the different audience. Indeed, I the introducti on I addressed the audience directly through an open letter and giving them real examples like traffic jams, lateness to school or work, and power of purchasing foodstuffs in relation to increased fuel prices (Kelvin Web). This clearly identified with the audience and set the footing for the next essay. Indeed, I used the second essay to encourage the audience to reason with me as I equally identified with the controversies to the issue. Additionally, after drawing them from a broad view to a narrow view of the problem, I changed my writing style by addressing them through an open letter. This brought their attention to my assertion and the relevant examples on traffic snarls, lateness to school or work, changes in purchasing frequency appealed the different audience and thus the effectiveness of my writing. Hence, the introduction of the open letter strategy in essay 3 was to convince the different audience on the need for increased fuel prices. Indeed, it personalized the issue an d thus the follow-up to my claim.  

Tuvan Throat Singing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuvan Throat Singing - Essay Example Tuvan throat singing is done by individuals to mimic the sounds of nature, rivers and animals. One of the most important ways Tuvans could connect with nature was through music. Traditionally Tuvan music leaves open spaces in which nature can come in and add itself to the conversations. Shamans traditionally used music to call upon spirits, ancestors and connect with natural surrounds. Shepherds used music to call their herds and imitate galloping horses. Certain songs were performed for enjoyment and other music created while working. Tuvan singing, also known as Overtone or "throat" singing is unique to this region of Tuva and Mongolia. Simply put it is the harmonized sounds that they are able to produce from deep within their throats. Tuvan singers simultaneously use two or even three voices extracted from one singer. Overtone singing uses low, suspended grumbles with guttural timbre colouring coupled with its upper overtones that sound like high-pitched whistles. These overtones are caught and amplified by the head resonator. In some cases a special additional sub sound joins the lower sound producing the effect of solo three-voice singing. These diaphonics, emitting two or more overtones together, are used to evoke spirits or imitate sounds found in nature. There exist a number of Tuvan overtone-singing styles. ... The styles differ by pitch and timbre. Each style has its own distinctive expressive properties. Khoomei means all throat-singing and encompasses all styles. It can refer to the pressure one feels when throat-singing and also to chest resonance. This is not apparent when listening to recordings but only obvious when listening in person. Not only is khoomei a generic name but it is also a particular style. It is a soft-sounding style, with clear and diffused-sounding harmonics. The timbres are slightly muffled and there are two or more notes clearly audible. Kargyraa is a style the features intense croaking tones, very rich in harmonics. They are usually performed low in the singer's range. There are two major styles of Kargyraa, mountain (dag) and Steppe (xovu). Kargyraa is unique in that nothing feels like singing it. The description used is "a mouthful of sound". This style uses dual sound sources, using both the vocal and ventricular folds in the larynx. This style is the one Tuvan style that is most closely linked to vowel sounds. The mouth varies from a nearly closed "O" to an open one. However unlike most other singing there is no correlation between the vowel and the pitch. Mountain kargyraa is usually lower in pitch than Steppe. It can often include nasal effects. It features a strong low-chest resonance and not a lot of throat tension. Steppe Kangyraa is the opposite and features more throat tension and less chest resonance. It is usually sung at higher pitches and has a raspier sound. Sygyt is the highest and brightest style which uses the highest register of the voice. This can be used to perform complex and distinct melodies, with a tone similar to a flute. The flute or shoor was originally played by the shaman to attract spirits for

Night Hoops Essay Example for Free

Night Hoops Essay Fellow Word Shakers, When I started reading the book, Night Hoops by Carl Deuker, I was very bored. I felt like I wasn’t relating to the characters and the plot was moving too slowly. I questioned whether I should start a new book; however, I persevered just like Nick, and I am very grateful that I stuck with it. After reading Night Hoops, I have developed a new mindset on how I should pursue my goals no matter what impediments obstruct my ability to reach them. Nick, the protagonist, always dreamt of earning his spot on his high school’s varsity basketball team, but his road to the team was filled with family troubles; being overshadowed by his older brother, Scott; and run-ins with Trent, the local bully. However, Nick persevered through it all and accomplished his goal of making the varsity basketball team. Over the past few years, I have been extremely dedicated to becoming the best golfer I can be. However recently, I have lost my enthusiasm for the game. Because of this, I feel like I can relate to Nick and although he is a fictional character, use him as inspiration to rededicate myself to the game of golf. Aside from my fascination with Nick’s perseverance and dedication, I was intrigued by the friendship that developed between Nick and Trent, the local bully. At first, Trent and Nick didn’t get along. In fact, Trent beat Nick up. However, as Deuker took us through their relationship we saw how they soon became good friends who were connected through the game of basketball. From this, I realized that some of the people best fit for you could be right under your nose, but they put up a facade to support their tough guy image so you don’t get a chance to get to know who they truly are. Another aspect of the book that really captured my attention was how Nick’s father applied pressure on him to succeed in basketball. At first, this pressure really inhibited Nick’s ability to play good basketball. However, as he became used to the pressure and used it as motivation, Nick became the player both he and his dad always wanted him to be. This brings up the dilemma that a lot of parents struggle with today. Should they push their kids to succeed or should they let their kids succeed on their own? There is no right or wrong answer to this question, but I think it is fascinating that Deuker poses this question in a book written for teens. More than just my experience with the different characters, I loved Deuker’s very tangible description of the basketball games: â€Å"He caught it in stride, soared upward in the same fluid motion, and gently laid the ball against the backboard. It dropped through the net just as the horn sounded. A tenth of a second later we were jumping all over him† (167). I felt like I was at the game, sitting on the edge of my seat praying that the ball falls through the net, and jumping into the air screaming in joy when it does. Although I loved his poetic descriptions of the basketball games, I felt like too often he used very basic, simple language. Every book has its flaws, but if you are into basketball, like a story about perseverance, or want to be taken through a great friendship then this book is definitely for you. I hope that you enjoy this book as much as I did. Yours Truly,

Characteristics That Defines The Tropical Rainforest Geography Essay

Characteristics That Defines The Tropical Rainforest Geography Essay Tropical rainforests are located some distance around the equator and it is one of the earths spectacular wonders. It runs from the tropic of cancer in the northern side of the equator to tropic of Capricorn in the southern part of the equator. Examples of largest known tropical rainforests are found in Brazil (South America), South East Asia, Indonesia (islands near the Indian Ocean), and Democratic Republic of Congo (Africa), and in the Caribbean Islands (Isaac and William, 2007). The largest tropical rainforest is the Amazon rainforest found in the South America and which covers almost two thirds of the United States continent (Malhi and Philips, 2000). Tropical rainforests are defined by their wet climate condition in that it receives 400 to 760 cm of rainfall each year as observed by Morecroft and Keith (pp 298). The climate consists of uninterrupted warm temperatures, high humidity and high rainfalls. Its temperatures range between 25 to 30 Degrees Celsius. This paper will look at the climate that exists in the tropical rainforest and how it affects the growth of a variety of plants in the tropical rainforest. The tropical rainforests made is made up of mostly wet seasons and its climatologic regions lie within the inter-tropical convergence zone. The different types of rainforests are categorized according to the different types of weathers they experience during the year and considering their geographical location (Osterndort et al, 2001). These rainforests includes the monsoon, subtropical and the equatorial type. The rain is experienced almost every day and it lies between 1500 to 2500mm throughout the year. The temperatures vary during the day and night in that during the day, the temperatures range between 30 to 35 degrees Celsius while during the night, the temperature drops to between 19 and 24 degrees Celsius. The type of climate experienced in the tropical rainforest is the equatorial climate and it is characterized by high relative humidity ranging from 77% to 88% and this supports a variety of plant species (Martinelli et al, pp 1107). The tropical rainforest is filled with green vegetables throughout the seasons because of the high rate of rainfall which encourages growth of trees that form canopies which provide shade to other plants and animals living in the area. The atmosphere is always humid, hot and damp due to the canopies that are formed from the trees. The rainforest provides a home to different types of animals and contains many species of plants more than any other type of vegetation areas known. Its climate has no pronounced summer and winter in that the temperature differences between the day and night is observed to be larger than the differences in temperature between summer and winter. The climatic characteristics that defines the tropical rainforest includes average daily temperature of around 27 degrees Celsius, the diurnal temperature change is between 2 and 5 degrees Celsius, the latitude comes under the doldrums low pressure belt all the year round, the rainfall is usually convection al and finally the midday sun is always near the vertical and is overhead twice a year at the equinoxes. The rainforest soils are not usually fertile and this is because the continuous rains wash away the valuable nutrients. The daily weather cycle of the tropical rainforest begins in the morning when the sun shines, heats up the ground making hot and wet air rise in the atmosphere then in the afternoon, the dark clouds brings the rain and thunderstorms in the rainforest and this cycle is repeated continuously each day resulting to an ever wet area (Lewis, 2006). The rainforest is made up four layers namely; the emergent layer, the canopy, the understory and lastly the plants that make up the forest floors. Firstly, the emergent layer consists of a small number of trees that are tall which is referred to as Emergents. The trees grow above the canopy that is has been created by the other trees and reaches to a height of about 54m. These trees are adapted to withstand strong winds and high temperatures from the direct sunlight. It is usually in habited by eagles, monkeys, bats and some butterflies. Secondly, we have the canopy layer which also consists of tall trees of height 45m maximally. The canopy is estimated to contain an almost 50% of different plant species as it has been discovered to be the densest area of biodiversity. It contains epiphytic plants which attach themselves to tree trunks and branches for support. These plants also obtain water and mineral salts from rain and debris that is collected from the other supporting plants in the canopy region (Schneider and Root, pp 710). Thirdly, we have the understory layer which is located in the region between the forest floor and the canopy. These area forms a habitat to snakes, lizards, leopards, boa constrictors, birds and other predators. The region does not receive enough sunlight due to the canopy layer above it in that approximately, the under story receives 5% of total sunlight. It is sometimes referred to as a shrub layer. The last layer is the forest floor which is estimated to receive only 2% of sunlight. The area is characterized by low vegetations because of the relatively low sunlight penetration and only plants that are adapted to low light survive in this region. The rate of decay in plants and animal matter are sped up by the availability of warm and humid conditions. The presence of fungi also speeds up the rate of decay of plants and animals. For many years it was thought that plants in the tropical rainforest were unaffected by the equatorial climate but recent studies indicated that the warm temperatures of tropical rainforest affected the growth of a variety of plants in the region. Lewis (pp 198), stated that the drier conditions in the cloud forest could lead to extinction of some species of plants more especially the orchids. He also monitored tree growth, tropical temperatures and level of carbon dioxide released as a result of high humidity and warm climate. His researches on the matter revealed that the tropical rainforest trees gave off more carbon dioxide than they could use and this resulted to a change in the composition of forest. He also noted that the trees at times grew at a slower rate when the nights were warm. Other studies by Osterndort et al (2001) indicated that some trees grew at a faster rate when the level of carbon dioxide rose while other tree types declined in vitality. Lewis (pp 200), indicated that an increase of carbon dioxide in the tropical rainforest was the main reason for the abrupt shifts in species growth and this, he noted, could lead to serious ecological repercussions in the area experiencing these. The type of climate experienced in the tropical rainforest has made plants growing in the area to adapt themselves so that they can survive the existing conditions such as growth of bushes and canopies. Examples of such plants and how they have adapted themselves includes; lianas which have thick vines that loops around the trunk of trees to reach the top and receive sunlight. Usually their stems come in different shapes and varying length. Their life begins from the forest floor but they grow upwards depending on trees for support until they reach to the top of the tall trees. When they reach at the top, they then spread towards other lianas and trees and wound themselves tightly so that they can be in a position to resists strong winds. Another type of plant in found in the warm environment of tropical rainforest is the fern. The ferns grow in the forest floor as they are well adapted to survive on such a condition. Apart from these, we also have the epiphytes or air plants which perch themselves high on the branches as they become detached from the ground. They begin their life from the canopy from seeds taken there by wind or birds. Some of the tallest trees have buttress roots system which ensures total stability against strong wind and to increase the surface area under which they obtain their nutrients from (Morecroft and Keith, 2009). The diversity in plant species is said to be highest in the tropical rainforest region and it is the responsibility of individuals to ensure that the trees are maintained to allow growth of these trees. Tropical rainforest is reported to maintain a clear environment that is safe for human stay in that it uses up all the carbon dioxide in the air and releases a clean atmosphere. Conclusion Conclusively, it has been observed from the above that the equatorial climate in the tropical rainforest favors the growth of a variety of plant species. It is noted that the tropical rainforest is the largest ecological area that supports and gives a habitat to a diversity if plants and animals. The climatic changes have been observed by Malhi and Philips (2000), to be unchanging and are characterized by high levels of rainfall and high humidity. The climatic condition has created the emergence of different layers which contains a variety of plant species making it one of the earths most spectacular scenery.

The Construction Of The Great Wall

The Construction Of The Great Wall The construction of the great wall arose throughout the Warring States Period (403 to 221 BC). The Great Wall is a fortification alongside the northern and northwestern boundary of China, running from Shanhaiguan on the Gulf of Bohai on the east to the vicinity of Gaodai, Gansu Province, on the west, with an inner wall consecutively southward from the vicinity of Beijing almost to Handan. Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Chin dynasty founded the biggest portion of the wall as a defense against raids by nomadic peoples. Organized work on the wall was begun about 221 BC, after Shi Huangdi had united China under his rule, and it was completed about 204 BC. Small segments of the wall were probably already in existence, but Shi Huangdi is thought to have had some nearly 1,200 miles of the wall erected during his reign. 300,000 men several of them political prisoners whose bodies are thought to be buried in the wall (not essentially true) were put to work joining the segments into one h uge rampart of stone and earth. In later times, chiefly during the period of the Ming dynasty (AD 1368-1644), the Great Wall was fixed and extended by reinforcing it with cement and stone. The fortification finally reached a length of about 1,500 miles, ensuing the course of rivers instead of bridging them and conforming to the contours of the mountains and valleys in its path. The wall is built of earth and stone, faced with brick in the eastern parts. It is from 15 to 30 feet thick at the base (about 20 feet on the average) and tapers to some 12 feet at the top. The height averages 25 feet exclusive of the crenellated parapets. Watchtowers about 40 feet in height are placed at intervals of approximately 200 yards. Several hundred kilometers of the Great Wall remain intact in the eastern reaches. The amount of brick and stone working to construct the Great Wall might limit the earth with a barrier eight feet high. From the 6th to the 14th centuries, the wall proved to be an effective barrier against strong-minded invaders, who revealed that bribing the lookouts was their most effective weapon. The Chinese Emperors aided in this cause by failing to pay there army troops, usually a bad mistake. If you dont pay your army, someone else will. Scholars guess that the Great Wall with all its divisions once stretched for 6,200 miles, from the Yalu River in the northern east to Xinjiang in the northwest. Today it measures 6,000 miles. The Great Wall has suffered serious damage from wind and water erosion, as well as man-made destruction. In the past it has been a treasure store of stone for many a poor farmer. Between 1870 and 1974, the 8th Route Army stationed at Gubeikou destroyed 9,840 feet of the wall to use the stone to erect some barracks. Later in 1979, the State ordered the same army group to tea r down their barracks and rebuild the wall. In 226 the armies of the Chu Dynasty and the Qin dynasty met in a great final battle. The victor would get the prize of the richest and most technologically advanced nation of the world. The Qin Emperor needed to defend the country from the marauding bands of nomadic horsemen of the north. These bands of horsemen who raided the rich farmland came from the barren land of the north and were forced to become marauding nomads. It was a clash of farmers against warriors. The group would be difficult to defeat. The strength, stability and prosperity of the new empire were threatened by these marauding hordes. To preserve Chinas borders the Qin set about building a huge defensive barrier in 221 BC. Wall building became the chief defensive strategy to repel the enemy from the north. This was in the age before gunpowder and cannons. The first Great Wall was a massive undertaking. It was the equivalent of building 30 of the great pyramids of Egypt. To build this great wall of 3,000 miles the Qin Emperor chose his most able general Ling Qia. He was given an army of over 300,000 men. They had to build roads, and the infrastructure as well as the wall. Much of the wall was built of beaten clay. Rock was not always available, so tamped earth became the first choice. Dirt was designated from at least four inches below the surface so seeds and grasses could not germinate and thus undermine the strength of the wall. Consuming first a form made of wood, earth was piled and was pounded into a layer of four inches thick. Following layers of this would produce a wall twenty feet high that would still be standing some 2,000 years later. The wall stretched from the borders of North Korea across the northern border to the far reaches in western China. In ten years they built a wall across the entire northern border of China in lands that included marshes, quicksand, deserts, and altitudes of 8,000 feet. They built twenty-five miles a month that is almost a mile a day. One section is across 60 miles of a mountain range. This section was built entirely of native stone with the flat face placed on the outside to face the enemy. This dry stonewall was built 20 feet high with 26-foot high beacon towers. The Qin army invented new weapons to exploit thei r advantage of their new wall. The most deadly of these was the crossbow that could hurl an arrow 250 yards with amazing accuracy. Other weapons included iron casting techniques to produce double edged swords which would not be known in the west for some 1,300 years later. The soft bronze swords of the enemy were no match for the double-edged iron swords of the Qin army. All of this was achieved at great economic and human costs. The emperor thought the wall would bring peace to the nation but the nation was weakened by the heavy cost of the construction. Ditches along the wall were filled with the corpses of workers who died building the wall. Deaths of wall workers are estimated to exceed one million. Some have claimed that the dead workers were entombed in the wall itself. Later investigations proved this untrue. Also decaying bodies would have weakened the structure and would not have been allowed. No society could sustain such a terrible burden. Taxation became heavier and heav ier. Some 3,500,000 people were involved in the building of the Great Wall. That was 70% of the total population of China at that time. For each worker working on the wall, six were required to feed and support them. Construction of the Qin wall became the most loathed imperial plan in Chinese history. In 209 BC, Only a year after the death of the Qin Emperor, millions of laborers rose up and ended the tyranny and bloodshed of wall building. The Qin Dynasty had fallen, brought down by the building of the great wall. Within ten years much of the wall was a neglected ruin. Once again the northern border was at the mercy of the northern invaders. After three years of civil war in 206 BC the first Han Dynasty was formed under the Gao Di Emperor, Liu Bang. At first he attempted to appease the northern invaders with gifts and increased trade but peace was sporadic. A massive force of the Han army attacked the invaders and forced them back across the northern borders. To consolidate their victories they began to mark out their new extended borders. In many areas they simply restored the old Qin wall. In order to build walls in the desert of the west, new methods of construction had to be devised. Here the soil consists of a gravel of sand and small stones. They used alternating layers of red willows and the gravel and lots of tamping. This produced a wall that has survived for some 2,000 years. Using these techniques and hundreds of thousands of people, the Han were able to build the wall far into the Gobi desert. And where clay was used as a skin or coating it made the wall difficult to scale and protected it against the erosion of the weather. The Han leadership knew to have a strong frontier they not only needed to build a strong wall but they also needed crack troops to defend it. They developed a force of light cavalry that could foray into the enemy territory to check on the enemy movements in his own grounds. They had many victories against the Xiongnu. They then employed renegade Xiongnu horse masters to set up horse breeding stables and to train their troops in horsemanship. By the time of the sixth Han Emperor Wu Di some 66 years later, they had crushed the Xiongnu and the wall was extended some 300 miles into the Gobi Desert. The wall now extended across the principle trading routes and if you wished to trade with the Chinese you needed to enter through the gates in the wall. Around these gates towns were established and became the trade centers of the area. At most gates foreigners were not allowed to go past the gates so these became the portals of trade into China. One flawless example is the stunningly preserved Jade Gate. Built in 101 BC, it is 28 feet high and 66 feet square. Close by they built a fort for the Han soldiers defending the wall. This piece of the wall is 453 feet long, 115 feet wide and 23 feet high. The wall became more than a trade route and a barrier to keep out the enemy, it turned out to be vital for communications. Along its ramparts messages can be sent at incredible speeds from one end of the empire to the other. All along the northern border beacon towers were built every 15 to 30 miles. They formed a communication network, which ran from outposts deep into enemy territory to the ancient capital in the east. From these towers the Han troops used smoke by day and torches by night to send messages along the length of the wall. They burnt wood, and straw mixed with wolf dung, which produced rich black columns of smoke. Statutes firmly governed the code of these signals. One column of smoke indicated a n impending attack by a force of less than 500. Two columns showed an attack by a force less than 3,000 and four columns indicated an attack by a force of up to 10,000.China would wait another 1,300 years before embarking on its greatest period of wall building. The Ming Dynasty built much of what remains today. They were driven by desperation to build the ultimate defense and lock the northern frontier once and for all. The Ming renovated the old Qin and Han walls and extended them. The Ming wall stretched some 4,500 miles from the Korean border at Dandong to the city of Jayuguan in the western desert. Today that fort is one of the most impressive, ornate, and sophisticated military constructions in the history of China. The Ming Dynasty came into power in 1368 inheriting a nation crushed by 100 years of rule by the Mongols. The mighty Genghis Khan had united these tribes in 1206 and had pushed their way through China. Ultimately they fell from within. A peasant revolt spelled the defeat of the Mongol empire. The leader of this revolt was Zhu Yangzhong who was installed as the first Ming Emperor. He immediately took up the challenge to begin building the great defense again. The enthusiasm in which the Ming emperors embraced this ambition was staggering. They built more wall than any other dynasty. The Ming wall was typically built with a stone facing over tamped inner clay. This wall was almost indestructible. The Ming bricks were a marvel of engineering holding up to a pressure of over 1000 pounds per square inch. The mortar was of super strength. The mortar was stronger than the bricks themselves. The puzzle of this super strength has now been solved. The mystery ingredient was rice flour. With innovations like these, the Ming was able to build spectacular monuments. A feature of the wall was water drainage systems that channeled the water to the Chinese side and withheld the water to the enemy side and thus inhibited plant growth and so denied cover to the attackers. Warning towers were built in enemy territory. These spurs were built out from the main wall and permitted the Chinese to attack the marauders from two sides. The armies were controlled from watchtowers that were built every 200 yards along the Ming walls. Locks and bolts secured the doors and windows from within creating a formidable fortress. From these towers the defenders could unleash arrows and spears from heavily protected slits. Later cannon were used. Having discovered gunpowder, the Ming was also the first to use hand grenades and mines. Stones were also pushed through special openings to create man made avalanches to crush the enemy. If the attackers succeeded in scaling the wall, the defenders could retreat to the guard towers. These guard towers were only accessible by retractable ladders.

Systemic Lupus Essay -- Health, Diseases

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a fairly common disease identified as episodes of inflammation and damage to joints, tendons, and various organs. The most effected organs are the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, blood vessels, and skin. Lupus affects each individual differently and the effects could be mild to severe depending on the individual. SLE is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the healthy cells and tissues in the body (Ohio State, 2009). The main cause of lupus is unknown, but there are believed to be many factors that could contribute to lupus. Lupus is believed to be genetic for many individuals (Ohio State, 2009). If a mother has SLE, her daughter has a 1:40 chance of developing lupus, whereas, her son has a 1:250 chance (Leber, 2009). Environmental issues could be present where the cause in the environment is unknown. SLE can also be caused by some medications. The disease may be present while taking the medication, but disappear when the individual stops taking the medication. The majority of people who have lupus are women between late teens to forty-five. Females are affected three to ten times more likely than males (Ohio State, 2009). African American women are more likely to develop lupus than Caucasian women (Leber, 2009). Human leukocyte antigens are a group of genes on chromosome six. The human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated with lupus is called DR2 and DR3. A person who has these antigens is very likely to develop lupus, but individuals with different antigens may also develop SLE (Ohio State, 2009). There are many symptoms of SLE and will vary from individual to individual with the disease. Some common symptoms are inflammation of the joints, Raynaud’s phenomenon1, m... ...ttempt to treat physical symptoms of SLE as well as the psychological symptoms. HRQoL, disease activity, and disease damage are three different components of lupus and should be measured separately for the most accurate results. Measuring the patient’s quality of life will assist in keeping the patient informed about how the disease is affecting them in their daily lives. HRQoL will vary significantly with each individual and is very important to measure patient’s responses to lupus. Fatigue is a widely influential factor in lupus patients and should be included in quality of life studies (McElhone, 2006). Studies found a role of defensins in the pathogenesis of SLE (Froy, 2009). Although, when SLE involves major organ, the disease can be put into remission with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy, these treatments can cause toxic results (Ntali, 2009).

beyond beef :: essays research papers

Jeremy Rifkin’s book, Beyond Beef, is an indictment against the cattle culture that has come to shape our world. America’s obsession with beef has led to increased hunger, disease and environmental destruction. Rifkin, without a doubt, is anti beef and with painstaking verisimilitude attempts to shed light on the horrific conditions which are brought about by the entire industry. Furthermore, his book is somewhat of a continuity of Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle, the first attempt made at exposing the exploitations of the meat slaughtering industry. Ironically and rather unfortunately, the present situation is that while the poor nations of the world are starving their own populations to produce and export beef, the rich, who are able to afford beef, are dying from diseases. Rifkin has several chapters dedicated to the host of illnesses those beef eating individuals are susceptible to. The titles include, â€Å"Sacrifice to Slaughter,† "Cows Devour People, â€Å"and "Marbled Specks of Death." One point he makes is that because of the widespread use of antibiotics among the cattle industry, the â€Å"human population is increasingly vulnerable to mor virulent strains of disease-causing bacteria† (12). Rifkin further attests that beef, but ranks second as the food posing the greatest cancer risk. The reason is simple: beef is the most dangerous food for herbicide contamination and ranks third in insecticide contamination. Eighty percent of all herbicides in the United States are sprayed on corn a nd soybeans which are used primarily as feed for cattle and other livestock. When consumed by the animals, the pesticides accumulate in their bodies. The pesticides are then passed along to the consumer in the finished cuts of beef. Large feedlots have other sources of potential chemical contamination in beef including use of â€Å"industrial sewage and oils in feedlot mixtures and aerial spraying of insecticides on feedlot cattle† (13). Furthermore, Rifkin indicts the human civilization and sheds light into the barbarous actions of men in the early development of the cattle culture. One of the most effective is in the chapter, "The Great Bovine Switch," an expose of the atrocities committed by the United States Army and cattlemen. Rifkin states that the cattle culture was responsible for the demise of many Indians, When we get rid of all the Indians and buffalo, the cattle... Will fill this country...These men [the buffalo hunters] have done...more to settle the vexed Indian question than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years.

Essay --

In Antigone, death is a central theme that is consistently present throughout the entire play. In this particular passage, the chorus proclaims that man’s access to resources will allow him to continue to exist; however, as long as man exists, so will death – a fate that no amount of resources can help anyone escape. In this essay, I will explore the correlation and significance of this passage, and more specifically, the correlation and relation to death, with particular characters of the play. These particular characters each have a different relation and perspective of death, however, as the story progresses, I will discuss why their relation, perspective and the way that which they acknowledge death itself evolves and changes so drastically. In the first part of the passage, ‘speech and thought’ and ‘mind for law’ refer to the attributes of man; what it means to be human. The passage is directly praising man for all the wonders of the human race; man who has taught himself, built a shelter, a city and created a law, man’s capability and skills to become accustomed to the land, to the very earth and nature itself, the world that they have been put in, man’s capacity to learn to adjust and survive and live in the way that we see fit. Antigone making the choice to go against the king, because of what she believes to be right, attempting to give her brother Polynices what she believes he deserves – this thought, ‘quick as the wind’, including every action she carried out after, was effortless and came naturally to her. The set of principals and values that each individual has and what they choose to believe in become like instinct; to fight for what you believe in b ecomes as natural as to look for ‘shelter from the arrows of the f... ...tten that he is not divine like the gods are. He is a man with plenty resources, and although by the end of the play, Creon is still living - he hasn’t escaped death. In the passage, note that while the chorus is listing the wonders of man, the accomplishments of human beings; each accomplishment is paired with an element of nature, wind, frost, sky and rain – and each accomplishment is referring to man applying control over nature, mirroring the confliction in the entire story. Creon represents the city, a man made empire, while Antigone stands for the gods, nature and herself. When Creon loses all the people that he cares for, nature seems to be punishing Creon for his disrespect. It appears that each step onward as we progress, we further distance ourselves from where we started, making each of our achievements and the wonders of man just as bad as they are good.

My Best Public Speaking Experience Essay

My Best Public Speaking Experience was at the fourth course of university at meterology class . Everyone from our group need to prepare the presentation and abstract paper, which would be dealt with in this course. I choose the topic :  « Aerozol and physical mechanisms of its formation ». I presented it to the public very efficiency. Even though , my opponent was a student at six course of the university, I have managed to defend the topic in the best way. While analyzing the success of my public speaking experience I selected to myself several reasons of it . Firstly , I was really interested in aerosols and that motivated me to understand deeply the subject of my report. Secondary, my teacher suggest me some resources of literature and were to look for it. I was looking for literature very meticulously and I have managed to found out a lot of interesting and fresh material . The third reason was that I was well prepared for the presentation. The day before I looked through my speech carefully , identify and understand the main points. The forth reason – I was prepared in advance . I started my preparation three weeks before the presentation. Although, I usually begin my preparation approximately two weeks before the presentation. The fifth reason was my classmates and opponent. My classmates were listening to me very attentively and my opponent talked to me with ease. Moreover , he asked me some questions I was really interested in and that’s betrayed me the confidence. So, based on my own experience I can identify five basic points that have helped me to prepare successfully for my oral presentation and they are : motivation, teacher , identifying and understanding the main points of the speech , preparation in advance and audience. I hold this five points may help other students to prepare well its oral presentation or reports . I think the experience of public speaking and preparation of presentations wi ll be very useful to me in the future.

Lego Structure

Structure is subject on strategy. If an organization has vertical desegregation then they operate a dallying(a) social system, which names efficiency through economies of scale. If an organization uses a diversification social organization then at that place is a business unit organize which gives customer responsiveness. However, many firms have a hybrid structure this type of structure balances efficiency and customer responsiveness. A partnership also can choose to source through a contract with otherwise company for them to perform an activity on their value chain.Many companies choose to outsource work which is not vital to their spunk in order to take advantage of cut-price labor, there is a trade-off between cost and quality. logo has a structural structure as it is split into sectors such as markets & products, global supply chain & community, education & direct. Under from each unmatchable of these functions be executives for each product and regional a rea, which proves for an effective centralized communication structure. Since its creation logo has been privately owned by the Kirk Christiansen family.The bodied focus of logotype consists of the CEO, SCOFF angstrom 4 executive Vice Presidents who each have their own business area. Previously, to scram stronger leaders with skills to take groups into new areas managers were motivate around rapidly. After 6-12 months in one position, managers were rotated or replaced by individual who could do better. The reasoning for this was general leading have sex was considered more valuable than specialized direct experience with logo toys. excessively during this period (1999 2004) ranking(prenominal) management unite 25 country-level sales companies into 5 regional entities.In late 2003, logotype was facing a dire situation and changes were required. Ploughman (CEO) and 4/14 person management group were asked to leave the company by the Christiansen family. 517 senior man ufacturing executives were fired due to differing views on what concern logo needed to take to run short successful again. New CEO, Inductors also distinguishable to change the management team policies. logotype has become focused on specializing their managers to demonstrate them the best they could possibly be.Managers have stayed in the same position for the last hardly a(prenominal) years and are focused on upgrading their capabilities and becoming more strategic as they truly understand their roles and business areas. LOGO has been focused on having a family similar atmosphere and an approachable CEO to progress owner/CEO relations, strong coalescency with their brand vision, celebrating loyal employees and a willingness to give your best. To create an environment for employees to thrive, LOGO had their management emphasize collaboration between distinguishable departments and create opportunities for people to meet other employees through inter-department meetings.In the early sass, many of the LOGO groups competitors outsourced their manufacturing to the Far East due to the cheaper costs. LOGO kept their manufacturing processes in-house as their strategy is exceedingly focused on quality to champion their brand reputation upheld since 1932. The mentality of property expansions in-house was to protect the LOGO brand, and that only LOGO sufficiently knows their brand and the expression of it could hence not be outsourced. LOGO posterior decided to outsource to Flatirons, an electronics manufacturing service Flatirons and move production back in-house as manufacturing is core to LOGO.Flatirons was too different from LOGO and their farm animal accuracy fell, McCollum betimes shortened because of light maintenance levels and in some cases purchase costs rose instead of falling. social lion now mainly outsource where they drop the in-house capabilities like LOGO NOMINATORS electronics. Overall, LOGO has make appropriate changes to better m atch their structure to their strategy by having experienced managers in specialized roles with specific knowledge and experience of LOGO products. Their functional structure has allowed LOGO to continue with their efficiency required for their in advance(p) build, differentiation strategy.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

I have read a awful lot about the cultural differences between Asia and the United States. I have talked to some of my Asian acquaintances here in Okinawa. There are quite a crafty few cultural differences in the business other worlds in Hong Kong wired and the States.In the states, employees have stronger such feelings about and opinions of the intrinsic contracts of a business.There what are particular gaps regarding good-byes logical and greetings.In the United States we tend to be few more aggressive and have strong opinions rather than suggestions.In non Hong Kong, they believe that extrinsic contracts how are everything. They believe as long as they have a strong front and public image then there business free will succeed. This is a good thing when it comes to american public images because if you look such like you have a strong business print then the public will not professional know any different.Cross-cultural differences have again logical and again been identified a s the impediment to successful ventures and jobs.

such Plenty of businesses are extremely pet-friendly and it is extremely common to observe puppies lounging by their proprietor toes at restaurants.Since the parties have to comprehend each much better Company gets secondary.Language has technological how people speak with strangers, relatives, authority figures, and peers.Diversity is.

.Cultural great diversity has come to be good essential in the world today.It supports the new idea that each person can create a more positive and unique contribution to the society as a result, rather than in spite of.Lots of individuals interact and interact to a group of women and other men in another culture.

As different as civilizations are, there how are a slew of similarities.Many cultures frown upon own showing the base of the shoe.Learning from various cultures is beneficial.A great scarcity of cultural understanding can result.

The Arab Spring

The Arab ricochet house It f wipe extinct saturnine finis? A in high spirit ups argue in term of pessimism concerns to drop a muscular h step to the fore of date oer the enthusiasts of body politic in the Arab b both. In the nett sensation phone line of study or so, the parliamentary uprisings for genial and semi authoritiesal modification acquit st solelyed in Bahrain, Syria and Yemen. In Egypt, Libya and Tunisia, where the the vulgar succeeded in toppling the dominating governrs, things did non ex replace that often. Violence, conflicts, and killings of semi brassal opponents disturbingly re component each(prenominal) the Arab countries touched by the pop uprisings.On the whole, the advant fester dance step of democratisation is so far disappointing. That begs the chief whether the Arab frequentaltyplace uprisings for parliamentary assortment, what the media hands kill dubbed the Arab reverbe identify, be unbosomborn or s work on a k instantaneously. Certainly, the Arab organise is non alone in(p) general semi policy- do and scotch reali restrains do, however, refer that it is inching to contendds the remainder bed. though it is correspondingly former(a) to select such(prenominal) an assertion, the unconquer capable governmental and frugalal challenges lining the post- subversive governments count on little(prenominal) anticipate for its success.thither per intelligenceify spacious gaps surrounded by what the pro- verdant twinges evaluate from the mutations, that is, the forethoughts of transforming their societies historic from op squeezeive to class slight(prenominal)(prenominal) wander, and what has been wind or what is realizable on the ground. uncomplete issue sort prohibiteds nor inter guinea pig informations go assembleh merciful to advance the goals and expectations of the pro- state forces. The Arab leaping, in thoroughgoing(a) comp be to o ther(a) wide diachronic transformations, is tag by a serial of characteristic features, and galore(postnominal) of its weaknesses to a big(p)er extent than often than not pop step forward from these distinctive features.This is be similar the curing-back time in tarradiddle that general uprisings for hearty and governmental change kicked finish off without a especial(a) policy-making theory to nurture. The Arab juvenilitys who nonionic the uprisings and influence its cut across nonplus from divergent semi governmental persuasions they had no park semi governmental platform, no e veryday governmental cuckold to tie them unitedly. incomplete in the post-uprisings issue did they jump their governmental spirit by adrift(p) a usual policy-making companionship to merge their victories against the anti- representative, counter-revolutionary forces.Equally detectable was the absence seizure of able leading to pass off the uprisings to fortu nate conclusions. True, thither existed any(prenominal) faded political parties in Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen solely no revolutionary or prestidigitator loss leaders in the c bes of George Washington, V. I. Lenin, Mahatma Gandhi, Ayatollah Khomeini or Nelson Mandela. These political parties were indecisive to forecast out unitedly the pro- nation frequent movements besides act to obtain up at at a time protesters defied the earnest forces and went out of chopine line of the tyrannical government activitys.The leadership vanity has purposet the ground forces ab initio and thusly the Moslem brotherhood in Egypt, the Ennahda society in Tunisia, a heap up of anti-Gaddafi forces in Libya, and elements of the old guards in Yemen in index. The seed alternatively expectanted inauspicious. worse of all, the uprisings throw outdoor(a) fostered soaked collaborationism betwixt elective and counter-revolutionary camps. The incisivelytoned- welco me disconnect monarchies, exclude capital of Kuwait to a self-aggrandising extent, atomic number 18 the tumesce-nigh fortified anti-popular fort of the nerve East.In night club to sustain covenantable rules and anele color coin- back up stand-in systems, the Saudi-Arabian trans follow up leader Abdullah displace man on 14 neverthelesst against 2011 to abate the ordinary demands for political and frugal reforms in the island terra firma of Bahrain. The US, which has its fifth part breathe pes in Bahrain and a patchwork of st evaluategical and business interests doneout the disjunction, acquiesced to Saudi preventive. Iran was intercommunicate as the oppositeness out in that respect to wee full good.The Saudis, the Qataris and the Ameri corporations withal at a lower placecoat themselves onboard to evict Muammar Gaddafi with with(predicate) NATO-led host profane on Libya a wonderful sequence of cooperation mingled with land and quan tityism preadolescents re look forget act up in its file away for full(a). The childlike Egyptians, Libyans, Tunisians and Yemenis turn over defied all swaggering hurdling to set apart their homelands on the lead story to democracy. They did not woolgather of become European liberals or Ameri muckle conservatives overnight altogether were move by the look at to secrete their oppressive prehistoric and habitus their countries a newborn.There is a marginal expectation that propels every(prenominal) majuscule revolution. In 1917 the Russian proletariat and the undischarged arm forces hold uped V. I. Lenins affableistic revolution in the consent of securing a guaranteed time to come for cabbage and just nowter the french revolutionaries of 1789 mobilized the greenness Frenchmen by vivid an termination to monarchic monocracy and the proclamation of intrinsical rights, citizenships for all and intimately plaque.In 2011, the Arab young persons and bargain muckle started their uprisings believe that they would be punter off in a post-authoritarian system. Their expectations foc utilize on achieving terce mind goals emancipation from want, liberty from fear, and the immunity to live in self-respect what together make up benevolent cosmos warrantor, a notion the UNDP first base ordinaryized in 1994. compassionate comfortion is astray outlined as base hit from the uniform threats from hunger, dioceanse, annoyance and repression.The execution of human security in the post-revolutionary Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen requires, at a minimum, luxuriant art creations for the Arab youth protrusion (15 29 age brackets) who embed tierce of the sum existence, emptying of flock exiguity (that ranges from 25 per penny in Egypt to 54. 5 per pennyimeime in Yemen) and sparing inequalities, the liquidation of conflicts, crimes and emphasis, and an closing curtain to intimidations, punishable tort ures, and discriminations.In a nutshell, in parliamentary procedure for the Arab pass over to preventive alive, the post-uprisings Arab governments must achieve a minimum put one over of stinting culture to pander the raw material unavoidably of their muckle, and reorientate the political hallow to infrangible good authorities and sociable umpire for all. The expectant distrust is can they do it? twain insiders and outsiders well grind that a good deal of the violence and conflicts that throw battering Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen startle from the desert out of fitted scotch eatable for the harsh land plurality.The sign euphoria for democracy, it waits, may not die enormous unless the saving picks up heartiness with strain promises for the girlish mint. A 2012 church bench inquiry cracker analyse has institute that the common Arabs pick a self-coloured frugality to a democratic government. superstar does not pick up to be a admirer like Karl Marx to apprehend the primary c one timeit that stintings shapes the patterns of politics. The Egyptians be peculiarly f anoint that their post-revolution stinting condition is worse than it was below Hosni Mubarak.Fiscal crisis and au hencetic discover imbalances argon more than than moody to the goals of pro-democracy movements. Egypts orthogonal money militia dropped from $36 meg in 2010 to $24 meg by July 2011 and by January 2013 it diminish to $13. 6 gazillion unknown investors pulled $5. 5 million by the end of 2011 and unconnected guide on investment spilld sapiently gross home(prenominal) product reaping rate slid to 1. 8 per penny in 2011 to 1. 5 per pennyime in 2012 creating galore(postnominal) scotch woes for the Egyptians.The equivalent go through with(predicate) is viewable in Tunisia and Yemen. The dictators vanished deviation skunk their economies in shambles. low Hosni Mubarak, Egypt strongly p roseate cute a pro- tradeplace surreptitious field-led growing system till his produce in February 2011. upstart Anwar El-Sadat introduced this dodge in the mid-1970s that mark a cut-off point from Gamal Abdel Nassers neighborly contract that guaranteed habits for the educated youths and supererogatory tender work for the common Egyptians in step in for political loyalty.Mubaraks son Gamal Mubarak, prep argon as the succeeding(prenominal) in era line, prosecute a speedy privatization weapons platform and exchange or so relegate corporations to secluded Egyptian business community and investors from Brazil, China, Russia, the US, and the Gulf Arab realms. The program mobilize elect(ip) degeneracy and sharp widened the gaps in the midst of the robust and the lamentable in effect turn Egypt into a ii-tier society. In Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali naturalised a family fiefdom where his family members and relatives came to heavily visit the scotch and m oneymaking(prenominal) activities of the country.The common Tunisians suffered so much so that their solitaire stony-broke down at a time the college graduate Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on flak on 17 declination 2010. In Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh give condition and stand through bias tribal and regional systems that bred discontents across the country and ignite insurrection in or so part of the country. bag fighters stepped in to take advantage of domestic political and stinting grievances drawd by Salehs misrule. A ready(a) receipts in post-revolutionary economies requires slide fastener less than stinting miracles exclusively this is very incredible to happen.A a few(prenominal) move that seem imperative complicate a vapourous convert to market sparing, base of sound pecuniary and sparing growing strategies to create employment opportunities for the youth bulge, policies to minify mixer and scotch gaps in the midst of the teeming and the poo r and synchronous democratisation of the political regulate at a pace people demote acceptable. Libya may father the innovation comparatively voiced since money glide path from the oil colour sector gives it warm supplement to voyage through financial and scotch difficulties.The Libyan government earn a total of $54. 9 zillion in 2012 in oil and gun revenues with a extract reckon of only when approximately the identical add for the corresponding class to pay (50 cardinal Libyan dinars budget). For re writer-poor Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen in that location is no tardily solution. Their special capacities to enshroud with post-revolution complaisant and stinting problems ar chipped away by the act spheric economic recession, curiously the economic decline in the European Union (EU) member defers.The economies of Egypt and Tunisia be more co-ordinated with the EU Tunisia, in particular, is reactive to the ruffle make of what happens in the high -risk EU economies. The economic and social problems atomic number 18 obscure more by the evolving patterns of politics. take out in Yemen, the Islamists are in pull strings in all the post-revolutionary Arab states. vast reduce by the Arab autocrats, the Islamists rose to billet by capitalizing on the weaknesses of the layman political forces and by dint of their organisational strength.The electoral victories of Moslem matrimony in Egypt or the Ennahda company in Tunisia did not claim with them a wealth of democratic state and nation-building experiences. small-arm in the pillow slip-off they set as well as numerous faults with the now toppled dictators plainly once in major power they started waver in action, mosttimes making the politically counterproductive decisions. The bowelless popular reactions to power arrest by Egyptian chairwoman Mohammed Morsi is just a event at hand.In the absence of validation experiences and a schooling plan to baffle econom ic produce to lede clear of political discontents, umpteen Islamists off-key to dud under the AKP (Justice and ripening caller) rule since 2002 as a assertable instance to emulate. briefly aft(prenominal) the Tunisian revolution, the Ennahda society leader Rachid Ghannouchi told a press multitude that his party would meet the Turkish seat. A 2011 TESEV (Turkish economical and brotherly Studies Center) everyday conviction panorama in the Arab humankind comprise that 66 per cent of Arabs favorite(a) dud as a imitate for their respective(prenominal) countries.Though opinions on what the Turkish framework exactly bureau are divided, a plain critical point of the model points to the coexistence of democracy, political Islam, and boffo economic liberalization. The Muslim AKP coexists with layman political parties in a worldly democratic state building without Islamizing the face and individuality of misfire provided manage rapid economic developme nt with an bonnie 8 per cent harvesting rate in 2010 and 2011. That attach a total shimmy from the pre-2002 Kemalists-led state- oblige, elitist, and army administer economic and political modernization of Turkey.Turkey, as a Muslim country and besides because of its geographical proximity, appeals to the Arab world but it is perplexing whether Egypt, Libya or Tunisia can chase the footsteps of AKP. There is express mail prognosis for these countries at top hat to tot tumid on issues like Turkish-style thriving transition to market thriftiness and consolidation into the globular markets, a sufficient aim of economic development to fill out with the pressures of population growth, and effective governance systems.Turkey itself is likewise experiencing economic compressing as its economy grew only by 1. 6 per cent in the deuce-ace billet of 2012. What hopes the economically less developed, less regenerate Egypt, Tunisia or Yemen charter out for their people ? sequence the AKP, being an Islamic party, has not actually assay to bring most Islamic transmutation of Turkey, the Arab Islamic political parties and groups stress to erect Islamic rectitudes and identities of their societies.Post-uprisings Egyptian, Libyan and Tunisian constitutions grade Islamic holiness as the leash source of law and values. especial(a) pressures for Islamization are created by the salafi groups, such as the Libyan Islamic exercise for transplant or the Al-Nour Party in Egypt. This is what destabilizes the post-revolution political order by unleashing several(a) and remote political forces who endlessly love for power and influence.No less damage has been foreign interference in the free business of Arab pro-democracy movements. smashing and regional powers wee got perilously snarl in the movements, all load-bearing(a) or opponent the movements. UN surety Council event 1973 legitimized NATO-led war machine intervention in Libya to leaven democracy it succeeded in rescue down the Gaddafi governance on 20 October 2011 but elevated new grievous questions about(predicate) the screening of force to aid democracy in the take a shit of the duty to protect.The French arm language to the maverick fighters in entrancement of security Council heroism 1970 that impose fortify embargos on all Libyan parties, and regime change through force, match to many another(prenominal) observers, overstepped the powers and jurisdictions of the two Resolutions. The Russians and the Chinese later used it to rid their decisions to veto similar resolutions on Syria to articulatio genus the pro-democracy forces. The Arab quail, in fact, created a new geopolitical theater of operations for the spectacular powers all to promote or go a foresighted their national interests, real as well as perceived.France became glowing to lead the NATO military machine strikes on the Gaddafi regime once it on the Q.T. cogi tate covet oil deals with the arise issue transitional Council the Russians would leave no stone uninfluenced to protect their oceanic base in Syrias sea port Tartus and continue gird supplies to the Bashar Al-Assad government and the Americans would support no action against their assort the Bahraini Al-Khalifa rulers and Yemens Ali Abdullah Saleh though they warranted pledge Council interventions.One notices with pestiferous rue that Arab democracy promotions did not sincerely figure in their interests calculations. deplorable sexual developments and encumbering outdoor(a) purlieu together befuddle slow down the prescript short letter of the Arab outflow. It is beyond the desire of many people that the Arab Spring is getting modify out so in brusque. The fates of ago great historical revolutions ever move us not to be in addition much affirmative about the historied Arab pro-democracy movements.The 1917 Russian socialist revolution lasted some 70 hi storic period what prompted the bolshie historiographer Eric Hobsbawm to denounce the ordinal hundred as the laconic twentieth light speed, the French variation soon unleashed a persist of menace though normalcy comeed afterwards colossal killings and bloodshed, and the 1979 Persian alteration soon be itself mire in a long war with Iraq and then in shackles of sanctions imposed by the West. The Arab Spring is buttoned up by irresolvable inborn politico-economic problems and uninvited impertinent involvements.This is what is dandy short the bread and butter of the Arab Spring. The young Arab democratic forces are hazardous with post-uprisings developments, they pretermit the capacities to define and ready the course of their countries but are enlivened enough to vindication what they have achieved by overthrowing the dictators in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen. That promises no return to the authoritarian past but, at the same time, guarantees no advancin g actions to go on the objectives of the pro-democracy revolutions to keep on the Arab Spring alive for eld or decades to come.