Machiavellis Views on Leadership- It Is Better to be...

According to Machiavellis view of how to be an effective leader, a ruler should be one who is feared but not hated. Machiavelli states that fear is better than love because love is unreliable. All of the reasons that Machiavelli gives relate to how human nature controls men and drives them to commit crimes in order to reach their goals and satisfy themselves. Before the organization of Italy as a country, it was broken into city-states one of which Machiavelli called home. He was a Florentine and was deeply concerned with how the political governments of Italy worked because the city-states were almost constantly at war with each another. Machiavelli wrote The Prince when the Republic of Florence fell and was replaced by an autocrat†¦show more content†¦A ruler needs to maintain a positive public image and please as many of the population as possible. It is impossible to please everyone whether you are an effective or ineffective ruler, but maintaining the support of the majority of the masses is of paramount concern in being a successful leader. Machiavelli says that a ruler must be a combination of a fox and a lion. A ruler needs to have the cunning mind of a fox but also needs to have the strength of a lion so that he can destroy anyone who opposes him. Machiavelli addresses the topic of whether it is safer to be cruel or loved. He states: Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with (Machiavelli 133-137) He says that it is safer to be feared because the sole purpose of a ruler is to keep order. Machiavelli is not saying that it is necessarily better to be feared, he is saying that it is safer because the peopleShow MoreRelatedMachiavellis The Prince And Plato1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of leadership. Two main philosophers come to mind when thinking of this topic and they are Machiavelli with his book The Prince and Plato’s dialogue The Republic. The Republic takes a very theoretical point of view on leadership and portrays life as it should be in an ideal state, whereas Machiavelli’s The Prince, takes a more realistic point of view. Machiavelli is less interested with what things should be and is more concerned about how the world is and how a good leader should lead inRead MoreIs It Better to Be Loved or Feared as a Leader?1774 Words   |  7 PagesWhether a leader is feared or loved has been a debated issue by philosophers for many years. You could argue t hat a leader being loved is better because of the trust and motivation sides of things, or you could say to be feared is better because people follow rules and orders better. What is the role of government in human society? Whether being ruled under democracy, dictatorship, or autocracy all of these types of governments do however have one thing in common. All of these types of leaderships haveRead MoreMacolili Vs Machiavelli1262 Words   |  6 Pageswill always lead one to wonder which is the least corrupting. There are no two ideologies that clash more than Machiavelli’s views on violence in The Prince and Socrates views within The Trial and Death of Socrates. Machiavelli’s views advocate for instilling fear in subjects through violence, but to avoid hatred. Socrates is the leading proponent of believing it is better to be harmed than to harm. Both can easily lead to corruption outside of their strengths, but deciding which is the more corruptingRead MoreConnections Between Hitler And The Prince1307 Words   |  6 Pagesor will not be at all† (â€Å"Adolf Hitler Quote†). Adolph Hitler became the leader of the German Nazi party in 1933. His leadership was both loved and despised. He controlled the Nazi party for more than a decade (â€Å"Adolph Hitler†). Considering the length of Hitler’s reign, he must have had leadership qualities that people found admirable or they feared him so greatly that no one would attempt to overthrow him. In Machiavelli’s The Prince, a list is given explaining specific attributes and thoughtsRead MoreSocrates Vs Machiavelli2003 Words   |  9 Pagesfor their time. Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince and the Discourses† outlines Machiavelli’s ideal prince and what a prince should do in power. Plato writes about the trial and death of Socrates and what he says about how people are supposed to act as well as how society should be changed. Socrates if he read Machiav elli’s concept of an ideal prince would say that he is too violent, selfish, and cruel. In addition, Socrates would not be supportive of a political system in which Machiavelli’s Prince would leadRead MoreEssay on Lao Tzus Teachings on Effective Government1206 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican political government contained two large parties which control most of the Congress: the Democrat and Republic parties. Both parties have held different points of view on different topics such as health care. However an effective government is also based on a how a leader governs the country. Lao Tzu was an ancient Chinese philosopher, and Niccolo Machiavelli, in The Prince, an Italian philosopher, present ideas that are very contradictory to each other. Lao Tzu appears liberal as a masterRead MoreMachiavelli Vs Plato1614 Words   |  7 PagesRowan DeGasperis Brandon Ives GVPT241 Due: 10/13/17 Socrates’ View on Machiavelli’s Ideologies Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates are two thinkers who are highly regarded, respected, and renowned by today’s scholars due to their roles in shaping their separate versions of an ideal political system during their respective times of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence. Although their opinions vary, the men laid the foundation for present day political establishments and opened up the doorRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1961 Words   |  8 Pageswould Socrates think of Machiavelli’s political world? Socrates and Machiavelli were some of the most influential political philosophers in their respective times. Some argue that their view of empowering individuals, whether it be through free speech or ruthless fighting, are quite similar. However, their views of leadership and government do not align. Socrates’ support for free expression and due process makes his view of effective governance far different from Machiavelli’s focus on national securityRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince2212 Words   |  9 Pagesan influential and wealthy family who provided him with meticulous educational training customary for many men of the middle class during the Renaissance period. Young Machiavelli also spent two additional years studying business mathematics. Machiavelli’s education allowed him to spend the next seven years in Rome working for a Florentine banker. After returning to Florence in 1494, he witnessed the removal of the Medici, the Italian bourgeois famil y that ruled Florence and later Tuscany for decadesRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader?1131 Words   |  5 Pages What does it mean to be a leader? What qualities does a leader have? How do you become a good leader? Leader have many qualities that represent a wise person. There are leaders in everyday life and most of the time we don’t realize, their leaders. If we didn’t have leaders in life, nothing would get done and people would be clueless. Leader tend to lead when the time gets tough and people look to them. What happens if your leader is not a good leader? Your leader can also lead you into trouble and

Spartan Warfare - 1248 Words

In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers (known as hoplites) engaged in battle in the form of one mob for each army which on the command of their generals runs at each other and proceeds to hack blindly at the enemy with little to no direction other then to kill the enemy in front of them. This proved to be very messy and the tide of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of an army. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army.†¦show more content†¦brbrIn the beginning, Greek armies showed almost no pay structure. This was do to the fact that military participation was seen as a man s duty to his city-state or as a form of taxation. Each man was required to provid e his own armor for battle. There for only those who could afford armor and weapons could be in the army. Since most men could not afford armor, most could not participate. Those who could afford to participate had other forms of income. However there was a pay system in place by 445 or 444 BC in Athens. The pay system was enacted during a time of peace for Greece, just after the signing of the thirty year peace between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League. The standard rate of pay seems to have been a drachma a day until it was cut in half in 413 BC. However the standard rate over time was between three obols (half a drachma) to a full drachma a day for a hoplite soldier.brbrIn Sparta, the military was a way of life. From an early age, children were trained to be strong and to have good fighting skills. With most of their population being helots, or serfs, it was necessary to have a well-organized and highly trained fighting force to put down any revolts. Therefore, even though the Spartan military was comparatively small, it was very strong.brbrAthens derived her military strength from a strong navy. In 481 BC the city of Athens discovered a large silver mine on publicly owned land. Athens used this silver to build a fleetShow MoreRelatedUsing Chemicals as Weapons in War Essay example999 Words   |  4 PagesThere has been war since man has been on Earth. Over time, war tactics, weapon, armor, and even the soldier has changed. The main weapon that has changed the battlefield has been the use of chemicals to stun, immobilize, or cause death. Chemical warfare isn’t a new form of fighting; it has been around since 400 B.C., but even a powerful and versatile weapon has its disadvantages. Nature always finds a way to fight in a battle too. The threat of a chemical attack haunts every country today. The extremeRead MoreGeography : History And Geography1325 Words   |  6 Pagesknowing the land and how to maneuver with it. For this country, phys ical geography added a natural advantage to defending their land. Guerilla warfare capitalizes these traits and uses them for an advantage; The Revolutionary War was ended at Yorktown after a guerrilla attack. was won by using guerilla tactics. In the book The Art of War, guerrilla warfare was mentioned; Chinese fighters did not create the technique, but it was also used by nomadic tribes centuries before. In his book, BattlefieldsRead MoreChemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the deadly properties of chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used in chemical warfare are considered to beâ€Å"weapons of mass destruction† or, WMDs, and are not considered to be conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants are an example.TheyRead MoreThe Development and Effects of Chemical Weapons Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesbiological materials dates back to biblical times. Greek historian, Thucydides recorded the use of arsenic smoke by the Spartans against the Athenin city of Delium. During the Peloponnesian war in 425A.D, the use of poisons fell out of favor in the 18th and 19th century. The British in the Crimean war rejected the use of cacodyl and cyanide shells dismissing them as a bad mode of warfare as they poison the lives of the enemy. In 1862, New York school teacher, John W. Doushty wrote to the US SecretaryRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Leonard Raven Hill s Visual Creation Titled The Elixir Of Hate 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesspeaking, whilst the application of chemical warfare was scarce before the First World War, its employment in the Peloponnesian War back in 431-404 BC, provided a platform to gauge the power and might of poisonous gas. Known colloquially as the â€Å"Greek Fire†, the chemicals â€Å"sulphur and pitch† were exercised by the Spartans who â€Å"burned the town† (ibid), destroying the previously impenetrable city of Plataea. World War 1 saw a re-emergence in chemical warfare, with the German’s use of chlorine, describedRead MoreThe During Battle And The War Wars1654 Words   |  7 Pageschariot warriors. Being a chariot warrior in this society earned them much respect and power. Yet, this meant they owed much service to the king as well. One document from India’s history describes one of the most accurate depictions of chariot warfare, written in an ancient epic of a battle between the Kurus and Pandavas. It speaks of numerous chariots side-by-side, crashing into one another with men shooting so many long narrow arrows, some in flames, that the sun was nearly hidden. There wereRead MoreThe History of Chemical Warfare and Its Effect on the Environment2659 Words   |  11 Page sfacet of war that could be considered most detrimentalÂ… chemical warfare. Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate the enemy (Chemical Warfare). But not only does it leave its mark on society and the people of the world, chemical warfare can destroy the unique qualities of nature as well. The practice of chemical warfare dates back to 1000 B.C and is still used today (Smart). Its impactRead MoreEssay on Ethics and the Advancement of Military Technology2725 Words   |  11 Pagesfor the consequences that result. Consequences that are left unresolved or postponed only bring about more doubts and questions that all branch off of one basic issue: Is it ethical to continue the advancement of nuclear, chemical and biological warfare when the results cannot be controlled? II. Basic History of Military Weapons: Dont one of you fire until you see the whites of their eyes.- Colonel William Prescott, Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775 Military weaponryRead MoreEssay on Amphibious vs. Sea Power2550 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"grave† damage can be sufficiently inflicted. But this situation is not â€Å"usually† the case. Employing amphibious forces also carries a significant risk that damage to one’s own forces will be disproportionate with that inflicted upon the enemy. The Spartan Hoplite invasion of Sphacteria provides an extreme example where the invading force was isolated and destroyed. A similar example is the British WWI invasion of Gallipoli. Although not completely destroyed, the invading force was isolated on theRead More Chemical Weapons - Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagessomething that is very difficult to get rid of, and we need to develop better ways to protect ourselves against their use and disposal. Chemical weapons have been used throughout the world dating back to 430 BC, when they were used against the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War. Although they were not nearly as harmful as they are now, they still had devastating effects. Very little good has ever come from the use of chemical weapons, with the exception of a few agents used by law enforcement such

Dengue Fever and Public Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dengue Fever and Public Health. Answer: Introduction Dengue is a viral disease caused by a mosquito. It is a major health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. The rising incidence of this disease may be due to the common factors like growing population, increasing urbanization, global warming and due to the limited success of vector control measures by the public or by the Government. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers dengue as a major global health challenge. Roughly 100 million infections cases occur every year in different regions of the countries. It causes severe flu-like symptoms, such as high fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, vomiting, skin rash. The full life cycle of dengue involves the mosquito as a transmitter and the humans as the victim and the source of infection. Problems / Statement of Issues Urbanization and the global warming have led to the significant rise in the percentage of the cases reported of this severe disease. The mortality rate is 1-5% without treatment and less than 1% with treatment. It is an alarming stage now for the entire Australian Government and the people, to control this disease before this becomes an epidemic spread. Prevention and safety steps should be followed strictly by the public to cut down the rising ratio. Although major cases are shown in northern Australia, slowly and slowly it is becoming a public health issue in south part as well. To cut down this ratio of the cases reported each year question arises, what steps should be taken by the Government and the individuals to make themselves aware to control dengue fever? What role can World Health Organization (WHO) play in controlling this viral disease? Background Dengue is a severe flu-like infection that can attack individual of all age groups, i.e. infants, children, and adults. It is transmitted by the mosquito and occurs mainly during the rainy season as it is the time when mosquitoes breed the most. This fever does not spread from one person to another but transmits through the bite of infected mosquito. Common symptoms are sudden fever, headache, joint and muscle pain and skin rashes. This disease lasts about a week or more. Any carelessness in this type of viral infection can result in severe dengue known as dengue hemorrhagic the complications in this can lead to collapse and sudden death. Dengue is a global health issue as it is endemic in around many countries mainly tropical and sub-tropical areas. Over the last decades, number has rapidly increased. The history of Dengue fever in Australia is more than 120 years old. The first case was reported in New South Wales in 1898.By the end of 19th century, it was spread in many coastal areas of Australia mainly due to movement of people from one place to another and other reasons like conservation of water in water tanks and the stagnant water around homes and offices. Over the last ten years, 70-80 cases per year reported that has been diagnosed serologically. Between the years 1995-2012, there were 42 outbreaks of dengue that includes approx 3000 confirmed dengue fever cases. In the past few years, data also shows some cases of dengue fever are reported in South Australia also. As per the data from Health department more than 2000 cases of mosquito-borne diseases were confirmed in Australia in last year. The main problem lies in this; no specific treatment is available for this type of fever. There are four types of viruses known to cause this fever in humans, and the person immune to one of the virus can be infected by other three types of viruses. In Australia as on date, there is no vaccine or any type of preventive medicine available to control this fever at the early stage only best option is to prevent oneself from the mosquito bites. Pre-Existing policies/Activity Health department under Government of Australia has been playing a crucial role so that epidemics of dengue can be controlled for coming future. Various laboratories in Australia are specially design for study for these viruses and what prevention can be done so that this threat get controlled, as this is becoming a public health problem is south parts as well. Various safety measures are passed by the health department and local government to make the people aware of this threat and what steps have to be taken to minimize the mosquito breeding process. The purpose of the policies laid down by health department in this is to provide strategic guidelines to the public on prevention and control of dengue viruses.Many guidelines have been developed in consultation with the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA) to provide consistent guidance and knowledge to public health units (PHUs) to further acknowledge the public at large about the safety measures to control this virus and disease. Series of national guidelines are ruled out by Government and below are some of the legislation used in disease surveillance and mosquito management:- Public Health Act 2005. Public Health regulation 2005. Pest Management Act 2001. Pest Management Regulation 2003. Under these Public Act and Regulations, Local governments and health departments educate the residents about how they can control mosquito breeding on their properties and maintain the check on the water tanks and follow the compliance for maintaining water in the water tanks. Under Pest Act and Regulations, the public is made aware of the control activities involving knowledge on the importance of pesticide in agriculture fields and at residential areas. It also states that pesticides and chemical activities should be conducted by the licensed pest management team. At International level also on timely basis guidelines and handbooks are published for further study for case management, diagnosis step, prevention and control of dengue for the member states. Some of them are:- Global Strategy for dengue prevention and control, 2012-2020. American Mosquito Control Association. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO and International policies respond to the dengue in the following ways:- Whenever any country confirms the outbreak, they support through collaborating the networks of laboratories. Provide proper guidance and technical support whenever needed. They also help in controlling the outbreak by providing the clinical training, and training on vector control at the regional level with the help of some of its collaborating laboratory centers. These centers and policies help the countries in developing new methods and tools, including the pesticides products and its technologies. Some policies are incorporated at the region level also according to the density of population and other environmental factors to prevent and control the dengue. These are approved under the Local government and regional health centers. These include:- Mosquito control Association of Australia. Dengue and Zika mosquito prevention. Guidelines to minimize mosquito and biting midge problems in new development areas. Treatment advise for Pest Management Technicians: For control of Dengue virus. Aedes aegypti, the dengue virus Surveillance Toolkit. These policies are executed to control the larvae of this Dengue mosquito, at the early stage. These guidelines state the background information on biology and public health importance. These policies also assist the developers and local government in the use of land planning for agriculture or development. Considerations and Recommendation Avoiding this virus spread or mosquito bite is the only best option to prevent from dengue fever. Many measures are taken as Prevention and Control measures to fight this virus at different area and state and country level. But prevention starts from the home itself. Some prevention steps that can be taken at home to protect oneself from this virus include the following:- Bed nets should be used at home while sleeping. Use air conditioners to stay and sleep to keep away the mosquitoes. Long-sleeved shirts and long pants should be used to cover exposed skin. Pesticide should be done after a fixed interval of time; water tanks should be cleaned on a timely basis. Disposing the house-waste properly and not allowing water to accumulate in any open holes. Using mosquito coils and plug-in mosquito repellent devices. The virus of Dengue fever transmits commonly from the individual travelling from one place to another, from one part of the world to the other. Therefore, travellers to endemic countries are advised to take the following precautions to prevent from the mosquito:- Be ensured that the hotel or the accommodations rooms are free from mosquitoes by closing the window, using sprays and using bed nets. Seeking medical advice without any delay, if the person becomes unwell or has symptoms of fever during or soon after the travel. Traveler should try to avoid the visit to the places that are prone to stagnant water and polluted areas. Some Dengue management plans and action steps to control and prevent the outbreak in different areas are:- If the dengue is diagnosed in a person traveling or living in the region, health authorities respond rapidly to prevent a local spread. Restrictions are imposed to the travelers from overseas areas coming for blood donation in those regions. Assisting and supporting local government with the implementation of mosquito surveillance and control activities. Conducting public awareness activities to educate and promote among the public self-protective measures to be taken around their homes and businesses areas. Supporting local government by providing the provision of expert medical advice. Monitoring and spraying of pesticide resistance in the relevant areas. Using insect repellent containing small portions of DEET, which prevent a mosquito to breed. Mosquito control is the only way out till now to control this virus to break into the epidemic. Potential course of action that can be taken by the Government to control this dengue fever in my opinion:- Encouraging and monitoring the cases overseas, i.e., outside Australia and studying the pattern of disease occurrence. Studying the cases of epidemics worldwide can help the Government to prepare and secure themselves before such happens in Australia. Experts should be provided with adequate training and equipments to help in these. Government or health departments at international level should conduct training and meet for their member state and country on the periodical basis to keep them update. Advantages of this are:- Before the virus spread in that pattern, as attacked in some other area or country, Australia will be prepared to fight that situation and can control the situation. It can be controlled at a early stage. Disadvantages are:- It requires a huge cost to set up the equipment and laboratory for research. Specialized doctors and physicians are needed to participate in the training and meetings. Circulating the generic message for educating the public about the Dengue fever. With the help of local government and with the support of the Hospital and health departments a simple generic text message can be circulated to the public at large on their mobile phones in the language that is easily understood by the public at large. This text message has to be circulated at the time before the mosquito breeding starts, i.e., before the rainy season, so that the people can become aware and keep a check on their surroundings. Advantages of this are:- This is the one of the simple methods to make the public aware and communicate any information in todays time. Sending a text message is convenient for people of all age groups. A text message is also helpful to communicate to the people who are deaf and hearing-impaired people. It is not a compulsory, that person mobile phone has to be in range for sending the message. If the Mobile phone is switched off or is in not reachable area, message gets delivered once it is in reachable area or is switched on. Disadvantages are:- Sometimes the message is delivered at the non-preferable time, as one might be busy in some important meeting or may be out to some doctor or for some important piece of work a where simple text message can distract anyone. The message has to be short and crisp, people might dont have much space to get the message across. Some people respond negatively to unwanted text messages. Make sure message is sent with the required privacy and permission and data protection rules. Conducting the public awareness activities time to time. Local government with health department should conduct public awareness programs on the periodic basis to make the people aware about this dengue fever and about all the prevention and control measures that can be taken. Public awareness can be created through various means which includes media awareness, using the social media and broadcasting awareness on television and internet. Communities can be used as a public awareness in small areas and region. Campaigning strategies can be used to make public at large aware of the dengue fever. The monthly or weekly meeting can be held in residential and businesses areas to communicate the important message and to communicate people about the prevention and control of this virus. Advantages are:- People of all categories can be part of these activities i.e. high standard and middle- class person. Social media is used by most of the public in one way or the other, through which awareness can be easily spread. Old age people like to be participating in the society meeting and all communities meeting, through which other family members can be communicated. Disadvantages are:- This is one of the time- consuming activities, which requires people to take some time out and be part of the campaigns and meetings. It is an expensive task that requires proper setup and places. Hence, recommendation would be conducting the public awareness on time to time basis to make the public aware of this viral disease. The more awareness is created, the more the people will take steps to make them protect against the infection and protect from the mosquito bites. For this, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among the people visiting one of the famous hospitals in some small region of Australia. Through the method of convenience sampling, a pre-tested questionnaire was asked face- to- face as an interview with four hundred visitors in a span of time. This was done to access the knowledge level and awareness among the people about the dengue virus and the practices they follow in their daily routine to prevent this growing viral infection. And the score of knowledge at the last was recorded on a scale 1-3. Result was, about 90% of the individuals interviewed had heard about the dengue fever. While the sufficient knowledge about this virus with early symptoms details and types was found in only 38.5% of the individuals, who appeared for the interview. Result also showed that the knowledge that was based upon preventive measures was found to be focused towards the preventive measures rather than eradication of mosquito population. Use of mosquito coils and sprays was the only best most preventive measure known among the set of people interviewed. As a public awareness tool, television was considered as the most important and useful source of information about any disease. Therefore it clarifies that public awareness activities and campaign plays an important role to educate the public at mass level. Short documentary movie, shown on Television or any social media can play a vital role to educate the people. Types of public awareness programs are rolled out from time to time by health government and local government for literate and illiterate class of people in the language commonly known among the people. Future Actions that can be taken:- With the aim to prevent and treat dengue infection in the future, Control of mosquito transmission, development of dengue virus vaccine and antiviral medicine constitute the main action to be taken to prevent this outbreak at higher level. Control of mosquitoes (vector) transmission can be done by keeping species like guppies or copepods in standing water, and infecting the mosquito population with these bacteria. There should be proper techniques to deal with the water waste and stagnant water mainly during the peak rainy seasons and the deep holes if any in the near buy areas, i.e. in home gardens and public places should be completely filled so that we can minimize the chances of mosquitoes breeding. Mosquitoes also breeds in the useless tyres and empty drums kept in the houses and garages and industries, if kept in open. Proper check should be done so that water does not become stagnant in any case. Due to increasing cases of epidemics and cases of enhancing severity of dengue infection, the necessity to develop a dengue vaccine and antiviral drug has gained a considerable importance. Several laboratory test and several researches are done and carried on in many parts of the world under the International Organization to achieve success in preparation of antiviral drug and the vaccine. World Health organization (WHO) is constantly performing research and is issuing guidelines on timely basis to fight this virus. Conclusion Dengue has become a global life- threatening public health concern, affecting around 2.5 billion individuals in more than 100 countries. The doctors and the physician should be up to date and aware about the clinical manifestations of the prevailing condition and ensure an adequate early treatment is available to the patient, as the dengue fever can progress to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is fatal and can even cause the death of the victim. Future directions to this combat dreadful disease aim at the methods to control the breeding of mosquito, development of a vaccine to fight all the types of viruses of dengue and antiviral drug regimen. References Annamalai, R. and Suresh, K. (2015). Panuveitis with disc edema after dengue fever: A rare presentation.International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 5(4), p.393. Azil, A., Long, S., Ritchie, S. and Williams, C. (2010). The development of predictive tools for pre-emptive dengue vector control: a study of Aedes aegypti abundance and meteorological variables in North Queensland, Australia.Tropical Medicine International Health, 15(10), pp.1190-1197. Chaudhary, S., Mohanty, D., Sonkar, S., Gupta, A., Singla, P. and Arya, R. (2013). Acute hypokalemic quadriparesis in dengue fever.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 6(3), p.365. HO, S., SPELDEWINDE, P. and COOK, A. (2016). Predicting arboviral disease emergence using Bayesian networks: a case study of dengue virus in Western Australia.Epidemiology and Infection, 145(01), pp.54-66. Huang, X., Clements, A., Williams, G., Milinovich, G. and Hu, W. (2013). A threshold analysis of dengue transmission in terms of weather variables and imported dengue cases in Australia.Emerging Microbes Infections, 2(12), p.e87. Joy, J. (2016). Dengue Fever.Indian Journal of Communicable Diseases, 2(2), pp.81-85. Lye, D. (2017). Dengue and travellers: implications for doctors in Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia, 206(7), pp.293-294. Manokaran, G., McPherson, K. and Simmons, C. (2016). Stopping dengue: recent advances and new challenges.Microbiology Australia. Ndii, M., Allingham, D., Hickson, R. and Glass, K. (2016). The effect of Wolbachia on dengue outbreaks when dengue is repeatedly introduced.Theoretical Population Biology, 111, pp.9-15. Pozzetto, B. (2015). Is transfusion-transmitted dengue fever a potential public health threat?.World Journal of Virology, 4(2), p.113. Sriwijitralai, W. and Wiwanitkit, V. (2017). Rebound thrombocytosis and persistence of clinical symptoms after recovery from dengue hemorrhagic fever.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 10(1), p.286. Sungchasit, R., Pongsumpun, P. and Tang, I. (2016). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE SPREAD OF DENGUE VIRUS WHEN TWO MOSQUITO SPECIES CIRCULATE.Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS), 101(1), pp.137-170. Tai, A., Robosa, R., Padiglione, A., Dalpatadu, C. and Korman, T. (2016). Dengue fever in travellers: are we missing warning signs of severe dengue in a non-endemic setting?.The Medical Journal of Australia, 204(7), p.267. Tennakone, K. (2014). Analysis and mathematical modelling of possible inter-larval spread of the dengue virus.Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 42(3). Tittarelli, E., Mistchenko, A. and Barrero, P. (2014). Dengue Virus 1 in Buenos Aires from 1999 to 2010: Towards Local Spread.PLoS ONE, 9(10), p.e111017. van den Hurk, A. (2016). Dengue and the introduction of mosquito-transmitted viruses into Australia.Microbiology Australia. Villabona-Arenas, C. and Zanotto, P. (2013). Worldwide Spread of Dengue Virus Type 1.PLoS ONE, 8(5), p.e62649. VILLAMOR, E., VILLAR, L., LOZANO, A., HERRERA, V. and HERRN, O. (2017). Vitamin D serostatus and dengue fever progression to dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.Epidemiology and Infection, pp.1-10. VILLAMOR, E., VILLAR, L., LOZANO, A., HERRERA, V. and HERRN, O. (2017). Vitamin D serostatus and dengue fever progression to dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.Epidemiology and Infection, pp.1-10. WILLIAMS, C., JOHNSON, P., BALL, T. and RITCHIE, S. (2012). Productivity and population density estimates of the dengue vector mosquitoAedes aegypti(Stegomyia aegypti) in Australia.Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 27(3), pp.313-322. Tuiskunen, A., Monteil, V., Plumet, S., Boubis, L., Wahlstrm, M., Duong, V., Buchy, P., Lundkvist, ., Tolou, H. and Leparc-Goffart, I. (2011). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of dengue virus isolates differentiates dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever from dengue shock syndrome.Archives of Virology, 156(11), pp.2023-2032.

Punk Music Concert Review free essay sample

Punk Music Concert Review Pardoned Contributor Peeking into the Punk Scene Punk music is a unique form of music that incorporates heavy, raw and distorted guitars; intricate, deep sounding bass lines; high paced, pounding drumbeats; and vocals that throw Ideas of a world run by anarchy. Punk Is a form of underground music that appeals to people who are either bored or dissatisfied with the way the world works. In The Merriam Webster Dictionary the definition of the word punk Is; a young Inexperienced person or a petty hoodlum. This is the typical stereotype which is associated with punk.This definition is far too vague and neglects to mention that punk is also a form of music. Last Thursday I attended my friends punk band practice. The Apathetic is a band comprised of four local San Luis Obis residents; they have been playing together for five years and have three recorded albums. We will write a custom essay sample on Punk Music Concert Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Devon plays the drums and is back-up vocals, Mike and Travis play guitar, Mike is the lead vocalist, and James plays the bass. Last year they played at a Cal Poly U. U. Hour on the stage by the bookstore, this is when I first met the band.They have two scheduled practices a week every Monday and Thursday. Practice is In a storage room out on Broad near the airport, which they share with two other bands. The room Is Just big enough to fit a drum set, renal stage, and four speakers larger than myself. The walls are covered with carpet, eggs crate foam, and other various sound absorbing materials to soak up the deafening sounds generated by the band. Last Thursday was my second time attending one of their practices; and after being absolutely miserable the first time I went, this time I had two thick earplugs. The band enjoys when they have an audience at practice and there were about five f us crowded near the door of the crammed room. Therefore true to punk tradition it was a stand up comic show between songs as the members cracked Jokes Into their microphones. Most of the songs had a song with distorted amps, catchy choruses, and an extremely vice tempo. They played their own compositions, punk covers, and songs from other punk bands popular to this time such as New Found Glory, Blink 182, and The Atari. Punk covers are songs that are anything but punk soundings to begin with, and then the band re-writes them to fit their own style.

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays Analysis Of The Military Strategies Of The Campaign Of Mantinea The Peloponnesian War spanned many, many years in which two main factions, the Spartans and the Athenians, were warring for the domination of Greece along with the many surrounding villages; many with their own agendas. I will be doing an analysis of one particular campaign; the campaign of Mantinea fought in the year 362 B.C.E. To do this I first must bring to light some of the key players in this campaign, especially Epaminondas. Epaminondas, a Theban general, was charged with the task to make the Peloponnese as weak as possible so they may overtake it with the least resistance. To do this the Thebans must play both sides of the war. The Thebans were supposedly allied with the Spartans but in those times that mattered little, treaties were broke and regained on a daily basis. Epaminondas had with him all the Boeotians, the Euboeans and many of the Thessalians; and while the Phocians were bound by treaty to assist the Thebans they found no reasoning in the treaty to justify them assisting with a foreign invasion. This was of little concern to Epaminondas seeing as once they were in the Peloponesse they had the help of the Argives, Messenians, the Tegeans, the Megalopolitans, the Aseans, and the Pallantians. (Xenophon. 396-397) Knowing he had the support of many factions, Epaminondas sped away into Peloponnese. He made it as far as Nemea and decided that this was the only way the Athenian army could come to invade Peloponnese. He assumed any loss to the Athenians would ultimately benefit Thebes and rally his allies and discourage those of the Athenians. Unbeknownst to him the forces opposing Thebes were gathering at Mantinea. Epaminondas' choice to use Nemea, as a striking point to wound the Athenians, was well justified but his intelligence was slow. The Athenians had decided instead of marching to Peloponnese they would sail into the gulf of Argolis...

261 Huck Finn Characters and Heros Journey Professor Ramos Blog

261 Huck Finn Characters and Heros Journey Quick Write Quick Write We talked last time about Twain and how he was critical of society. What are some topics that he is criticizing in the novel so far? Huck Finn Continued We read Mark Twains  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  Chapters 20-31 for today. Continuing with our analysis, I want to focus on the character of the characters for today. Lets come up with a big list of characters from the novel. Huck Finn Heros Journey Hucks development follows the stages of the Heros Journey described my Joseph Campbell. Hucks journey is one of internal growth and discovery. He goes from the view that slavery was ordained by God to a realization that slavery is wrong and unjust. Joseph Campbells Heros Journey SECTION ONE - Introduction to Setting, Characters Conflict The Ordinary World;   The Call to Adventure; Refusing the Call; Meeting with the Mentor:  and Crossing the First Threshold. SECTION TWO - Action, Climax, Triumph Tests, Allies, and Enemies; Approach to the Inmost Cave; Ordeal;  and Reward. SECTION THREE - Resolution and Denouement The Road Back; Resurrection;and Return with the Elixir. Huck Finns Journey In small groups, trace the development of Huck Finn in the novel following the Heros Journey. Focus on where Huck Finn is at the beginning and especially threshold moments/scenes where he changes. Thug Notes Summary and Analysis teachwithmovies.org/guides/huckleberry-finn.html

Company Review Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Company Review - Case Study Example Change management process content is drawn from sociology, psychology, business administration, systems engineering, economics, industrial engineering and study of human and organisational behaviour. The changing process is called "unfreezing, changing and defreezing" based on http://home.att.net/nickols/change.htm Oticon has employed models like 'Problem solving and problem finding' depending on the principle that change management, always mirrors the managing mindset and in this case, it was the mindset of only one person, Kolind. He has drawn from all skills, including political, analytical, people, business and system skills. There are four basic Change Management strategies (given below) regularly employed in a situation like Oticon, and it shows the capability of Kolind that he could use all of them with complete success: 4. Environmental - adaptive and this reiterates that people are environmentally adaptive to new situations, however distasteful they might look at first glance, people would go to a great extent to adapt themselves to new situations, which brings us to memories of evolution theory, where Darwin said adaptation to new situation is the key of human existence on earth and it all goes to prove the immense adaptation power inherent in humans. Kolind adapted Professor Albert Mehrabian's Communication Model that argues for face-to-face conversation. According to this Model, there is no better way of getting substantial change introduced into a company other than actually talking and discussing, valuing, assessing the situation with the employees and superiors or managers. Kolind has reduced all paper work, introduced stand coffee bars where staff could any time assemble and discuss matters and on the whole, encouraged discussions and more discussions in Oticon. Looking at the results, it is definite that this model has paid off by creating immense profit, 100% turnover and as many as fifteen discoveries and innovations. Another model that has inspired the revolution in Oticon is Ken Blanchard's Gung Ho model. Gung Ho mainly talks about inspiring and motivating employees at all levels and taking them with the fast evolving organisation. Kolind had not left a single employee behind. He has cajoled them, lulled, encouraged and even threatened them to fall into line with him in broadening the horizons of the company and obviously he had been

Budget and sponsorship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Budget and sponsorship - Assignment Example Manchester United is one of the most famous world’s soccer teams. Established in 1878 in Manchester, it has found it ways to stock market in 1991. It chief source of revenue originates from sponsorship agreement that amounts to 31.4 % of the total revenue (Statista, 2015). Some of the Manchester United sponsors include ION, AIG, Chevrolet and Adidas. This is done by placing the logos of the sponsors on the sporting clothes. The second largest source of income for Manchester United is revenue obtained from broadcasting deals Manchester United signs with the Internet and cable companies as MUTV and BSkyB. The broadcasting revenue amounts to 31. 3 % of the total revenue. Thirdly, the primary source of income comes from match day revenue that amounts to 25% of the total revenue (Statista, 2015). The club expenditure mainly comes from money used to service contracts that the company has entered with the players they have signed. Besides, there is the recurrent expenditures such as payment of staffs and maintenance of the assets owned by the club (Garcia†del†Barrio & Pujol, 2009). In case of writing a proposal, the key aspects that should be included are how the sponsors will benefit from the investment they have made through sponsoring the club. Statista. (2015, June 23). Total revenue of Manchester United from 2005/06 to 2013/14 (in million euros). Retrieved from The Statistic Portal:

How to Sleep Well Essay Example for Free

How to Sleep Well Essay In order to sleep well we should follow three reasons. First of all, don’t eat or drink a lot before bedtime. If you drink too much liquid before sleeping, youll wake up repeatedly in the night for trips to the bathroom or cause you to wake up repeatedly. Don’t eat spicy or fatty foods because they cause heartburn especially, don’t eat something that triggers serotonin, which makes you sleepy. Second, do and dont exercise when you have free time. For example, if you have a sedentary job, a lack of physical exertion may be reducing the quality of your sleep. A day of physical exertion (such as taking a run or a swim) or, better yet, regular exercise can make for deeper and more restful sleep. The best time to exercise is in the afternoon. Third, Change your sleeping position. You may think that its impossible to control what position you sleep in since you arent fully aware of what you are doing, but it can make a considerable difference. When you go to sleep, or if you wake up in the middle of the night, make a conscious effort to follow these guidelines until it becomes habitual. Keep your body in a mid-line position, where both your head and neck are kept roughly straight. Dont use a flat pillow that causes your head to tilt down toward the mattress. Its difficult to maintain the mid-line position, and it is more likely to cause pains. This will help alleviate stress on your back and neck by slightly propping up your body on one side. To sum up, try one or two or a combination until you have enough quality sleep to feel alert and well rested.

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory What criteria did Mundell use to identify an optimum currency area and how relevant are these criteria today in deciding whether two countries constitute an optimum currency area? An Optimum Currency Area (OCA) is a geographical region in which maximise economic efficiency is attained by the entire region sharing a single currency (a monetary union), or by several currencies pegging to each other via a fixed exchange rate. National authorities have come to the realisation that by merging with other countries to share a currency, everyone might benefit from gains in economic efficiency. An example of this can be seen in the formation of the euro where the countries involved do not individually match the criteria of an OCA, but believe that together they come close. The aim of national authorities is to establish the correct form of economic integration to maximise efficiency. One of the original founders of the OCA theory was economist Robert Mundell. In his first paper ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas (1961) he presented several principal criteria to create a functioning monetary union. To support these criteria for an OCA I shall on occasion refer to an example of consumer preferences switching from French to German-made products by Paul De Grauwe (2003). The change in consumer preferences will cause an upward shift in aggregate demand in Germany and a downward shift in France as shown in 1 below. The output decline in France and increase in Germany is most likely to cause unemployment to increase in France but decrease in Germany. The first of the criteria for an OCA is price and wage flexibility throughout the geographical area. This means that the market forces of supply and demand automatically distribute money and goods to where they are needed. For example, with regards to France and Germany under perfect wage flexibility, the unemployed workers in France will reduce their wage claims, and conversely excess demand for labour in Germany will push up the wage rate. This inevitably shifts aggregate supply for France outwards making French products more competitive, and stimulating demand, whereas the opposite occurs for Germany. 2 below shows the effect of wage flexibility as an automatic adjustment mechanism. Mundell cited the importance of factor mobility as an â€Å"essential ingredient of a common currency† (Mundell, 1961) and thus labour mobility across the geographical region is one of Mundells main criteria for an OCA. In the case of De Grauwes example, French unemployed workers would move to Germany where there is excess demand for labour. This free movement of labour eliminates the need to let wages decline in France and increase in Germany solving both the unemployment problem in France, and the inflationary wage pressures in Germany. The existence of labour mobility relies on the unrealistic assumptions of free movement of workers between regions regardless of physical barriers such as work permits, cultural barriers such as language difficulties and institutional barriers such as superannuation transferrals. Indeed Peter Kenen referred to the additional costs of retraining workers and there is an â€Å"unrealistic assumption of perfect occupational mobilityâ€Å"(Kenen, 1969). Ronald McKinnon observed that â€Å"in practice this does not work perfectly as there is no true wage flexibility† (McKinnon, 1979). McKinnon is simply highlighting the point that in reality wage flexibility, as well as perfect labour and capital mobility do not always exist. Considering a case where wages in France do not decline despite the unemployment situation (no wage flexibility), and French workers do not move to Germany (no labour mobility) both Germany and France would be stuck in the original position of disequilibrium. In Germany the excess demand for labour would put pressure on the wage rate, causing an upward shift in the supply curve. The adjustment from the position of disequilibrium would in this case come exclusively from price increases in Germany making French goods more competitive once more. Therefore if wage flexibility and labour mobility does not exist then the adjustment process will be entirely reliant on inflation in Germany. Mundell stated product diversification over the geographical area is an important determinant of the suitability for a region to share a currency. This has been supported by many economists, such as Peter Kenen who says â€Å"groups of countries with diversified domestic production are more likely to constitute optimum currency areas than groups whose members are highly specialised† (Kenen, 1969). Finally Mundell stated that an automatic fiscal transfer mechanism is required to redistribute money to sectors with adverse affects from labour and capital mobility. This usually takes the form of taxation redistribution to less developed areas of the OCA. Whilst this is theoretically ideal and necessary, in practice it is extremely difficult to get the well off regions of the OCA to give away their wealth. Mundell produced two models in relation to OCA theory. In the first, under a model of Stationary Expectations (SE), he takes a pessimistic view towards monetary integration, however in his second paper he counters this, and focuses on the benefits of a monetary union under the model of International Risk Sharing (IRS), which has conversely been used to argue for the forming of monetary unions. ‘The Theory of Optimal Currency Areas paper by Mundell in 1961 portrays OCAs under stationary expectations. The assumption is made that asymmetric shocks undermine the real economy and thus flexible exchange rates are considered preferable because a shared monetary policy would not be precisely tuned for the specific situation of each constituent region. This paper led to the formation of the Mundell-Fleming Model of an open economy which has been used to argue against the forming of monetary unions as an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. Whilst the Mundells criteria for an OCA is held in high regard my many economists, there are some criticisms levelled at him. Capital mobility is seen to have been a â€Å"greater adjustment mechanism than labour mobility† (Eichengreen, 1990) and this is a factor John Ingram criticises Mundell for ignoring. Clearly the openness of the region to capital mobility is crucial to the makeup of an OCA, as for trade to exist between participating regions, free movement of capital is necessary. However in the years that followed his 1961 paper on OCAs Mundell realised the criticisms of his previous paper and began to doubt the basic argument for flexible exchange rates as an adjustment mechanism. He became more appreciative of the adjustment mechanism under fixed exchange rates, â€Å"It was not that I had forgotten the Mundell-Fleming model, but that I had gone beyond it† (Mundell, 1997). In Mundells 1973 paper, ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies, he discarded his earlier assumption of static expectations to look at how future uncertainty about the exchange rate could disrupt the capital markets by restraining international portfolio diversification and risk-sharing. Here he introduces his second model of OCAs under IRS. He counters his previous idea that asymmetric shocks weaken the case for a common currency by suggesting that a common currency can reduce such shocks by sharing the burden of loss. He uses the example of two countries, Capricorn and Ca ncer. In spring, Cancer ships half of its crop to Capricorn and in return it receives evidence of Capricorns debt, a claim to half of Capricorns food crop in autumn. While one country is expanding its money supply and running a balance of payments surplus, the other will be running a balance of payments deficit, and the process is reversed during the next period. Mundell points out that this system is very satisfactory in a world of certainty, however in reality there is speculation about the convertibility of foreign currencies. If Cancer had a bad harvest and produced less crop, to redeem all of notes from the Capricorn would involve providing them with their promised share of crop as usual, leaving Cancer short. The only defence against paying out the promised share of crop would be a devaluation of Cancers currency and thus a reduction in the claim by Capricorn on the crop. Capricorn needs to get enough crops to survive and produce food in the autumn, so Cancer will not also be left short on supplies in the next period. The solution would appear to be a partial devaluation of Cancers currency, so that the burden of loss would be shared between the two countries. Mundell has shown that with different currencies comes the uncertainty of devaluation, a problem which a common currency would not have. Under a common â€Å"world† currency if Cancer has a bad crop the total amount of world currency will exchange for full quantity of crop, irrespective of who holds the money as competition and freedom of arbitrage assures a single price. So long as competition exists, and there are no time lags in the transmission of goods or information, the price of the food will rise for both countries and so the burden of shock is shared automatically and equally by the two countries. To reconcile Mundells two papers and assess the appropriateness the criteria on determining two countries suitability as a currency area I have decided to look at the case of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and its success as a monetary union. There are many examples of countries within Europe that would struggle to maintain international competitiveness without the currency area. The areas of the EU with low labour mobility are furthest away from meeting the criteria of a currency area. However, while the removal of legal barriers (such as visas) has improved this labour mobility, issues such as language barriers remain, for example, a French worker may not wish to move to Spain because they cannot speak Spanish, also people tend to have ties to the places they currently live and may not be willing to move away from them. Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1992) compared the US and Europe with respect to how disturbances in separate regions match shocks in a selected benchmark region. They chose Germany as the benchmark for Europe and found that there is a relatively high symmetry of disturbances within the core of the EU such as Austria, Benelux, Denmark, France and Germany. They also found that the symmetry was lower for western European countries. When compared to the USA, the EMU had a higher probability of asymmetric shocks. However according to Fidrmuc and Korhonen (2001) the extent of the asymmetric shocks is declining in the EU economies. Bayoumi and Eichengreen believe that countries within Europe are further from an OCA than regions in the USA, and so are less appropriate as a currency area. These studies suggest that two countries in the EU are less suited to forming a monetary union than the regions of the USA, although the situation is improving. Frankel and Rose (1998) argued that the higher the trade integration, the higher the correlation of the business cycles among countries, in other words there is greater symmetry of shocks. They also propose that business cycles and trade integration are inter-related and endogenous processes to establishing a currency union. Frankel and Roses empirical findings noted that EMU entry encourages trade linkages among countries and causes the business cycle t o be more symmetrical among the unions participants. Rose and Stanley (2005) find that a common currency generally increases trade among its members between 30% and 90%. These findings agree with Mundells argument that a common currency can help to deal with asymmetrical shocks. Frankel and Roses findings suggest that although two countries considering creating a common currency may not meet the criteria before they join the currency area they may do afterwards. Economists are divided in opinion between Mundells two OCA models. The contrasting views which Mundell presents in his papers have earned him a title as â€Å"the intellectual father to both sides of the debate†. While some economists support the theory of stationary expectations, preferring flexible exchange rates, and conclude against the euro, others advocate the IRS model, preferring the fixed exchange rate, and conclude in favour of the euro. Mundell himself seems to have eventually settled in favour fixed exchange rates in a monetary union however he does still advocate the use of flexible exchange rates in two cases. In the case of unstable countries, whose inflation differs significant from its currency sharing regions and in large countries where there is no established international monetary system, e.g. the USA. From Mundells studies I can conclude that two countries which are heavily integrated through highly mobile factors of production which are highly diversifie d in their goods should join a common currency. With regard to the relevance of Mundells theory today I would say his studies are still valid and used heavily as complementary theory to monetary integration occurring in Europe and throughout the world. References Robert Mundell ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas, 1961 ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies p. 115, 1973 A Conference on Optimum Currency Areas at Tel-Aviv University, 5th December 1997 Paul De Grauwe ‘Economics of Monetary Union p. 7, 2003) Robert McKinnon ‘Money in International Exchange: The Convertible Currency System, 1979 Peter Kenen ‘The theory of Optimum Currency Areas: an Eclectic view‘, 1969 ‘Monetary Problems of the International Economy, 1969, pp. 95-100 Barry Eichengreen ‘One Money for Europe? Lessons from the US Currency Union, 1990 ‘Is Europe an Optimal Currency Area, 1991 J. Fidrmuc I. Korhonen ‘Similarity of supply and demand shocks between the Euro area and the CEECs, 2001 J. A. Frankel A. K. Rose The Endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria pp. 1009-25, Jul 1998 A. K. Rose T. D. Stanley ‘A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Common Currencies on International Trade, pp 347-365, 2005

Charlotte’s Web Paper Essay

Charlotte’s Web is a magnificent children novel written by an American author E.B.White about a friendship between a spider and a pig. This story then became very famous and won several awards so it is decided that to produce a film based on the Charlotte’s Web story. Although the film and the book had a similar story line, it still got some minor differences among them that may change the excitement of the story. First of all, the differences among the book and the film is that in the book, a girl called Fern, who saved a runty pig named Wilbur from her father who was trying to use an axe to kill him, got to school and thought of him all day long. However, in the film, Fern brought Wilbur to school and got in trouble by Wilbur knocking off her table which was causing a chaos. This made it more exciting rather than just sitting down and thinking of Wilbur. Moreover, in the film, there are two crows wanting to eat Templeton, an uncooperative rat. Whereas the book did not have two crows c hasing Templeton. The chase was very funy. This made the film more interesting and more hilarious and would made the audience like this movie more. Furthermore, in the book, the horse is not mentioned to be afraid of Charlotte. Yet in the film, the horse was really scared of Charlotte. Whenever he saw Charlotte, he ran around in circles crazily, faint, cry, or even panic. This will make the audience clearly remember this character or even make some children laugh. Last but not least, in the book, there is no smoke house in Zuckerman’s barn. On the other hand, in the film, there is a smoke house and Wilbur is very scared of it because it will turn him into smoke bacon and ham. This would grab the audiences’ attention. Therefore, from all the differences listed above, It is obiously that the film is better than the book because it is more attracting.

Family and Father Figure

Darian Peavy Professor Meehan Writing 101 6 April 2013 Fatherless I remember always thinking to myself as a kid: Was it my fault that my father wasn’t around? Was it my fault my family is struggling? My fault we can’t afford nicer things? While I would see the other kids getting picked up by their parents after school while I’m waiting on the school bus to take me home. At times it hurt, especially when I had to teach myself everything a father figure should have.Life without a father or in a single parent household has a burden on children, but it’s something that many children face in America today. It’s sometimes the reason why kids grow up and stray the wrong direction in life and then they grow up putting their children through the same thing they went through. Being fatherless is actually something that a lot of children suffer with in America, and it’s a vicious cycle that continues to run rampant through communities, both bad and good . â€Å"One-third of American children are growing up, without their biological father, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In the past 50 years, the percentage of children who live with two married parents has dropped 22 points. During that same time, the number of babies born to unwed mothers jumped from 5 percent to 40 percent† (Stuart). It happens in many different ways, which include: one night stands, divorce, separation due to imprisonment or death, and etc. One situation that sticks out to me because it actually happened to me is the father walking out on his family, either after the child is born or before.When this happens the father usually has no idea the impact on the decision he has made. Most times its out of fear, he thinks he’s too young to have a child or family. Other cases include the father leaving because doesn’t want anything to do with the child. So he leaves with the thought that the child would be better off without him, when in fact h e’s making things worse. When this happens it causes children to blame themselves for what’s happened to them, to blame themselves for what’s happening to their family. They grow p questioning everything they see, without receiving any answers. They end up having bitter feelings or being jealous of other kids, and they struggle mentally and physically. â€Å"The growing trend of father absence could have grave implications for society, researchers say, because having dad around has been linked to important developments in a child's physical, emotional and behavioral health† (Stuart). In doing this they end up making a lot of the wrong decisions, end up struggling in school, and may end up committing crimes or dropping out of school.Another thing it causes is MORE children to grow up without fathers in America. This happens because children without fathers tend to experiment sexually sooner than other children, so they end up doing the same thing their fat her initially did to them. There has been a lot of research done on single parent households in collaboration to them growing up without fathers, some of the facts that were found are:   Young men who grow up in homes without fathers are twice as likely to end up in jail as those who come from traditional two-parent families. 3% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes. 85% of all children that exhibit behavioral disorders come from fatherless homes. 71% of all high school dropouts come from fatherless homes. Boys who grow up in father-absent homes are more likely that those in father-present homes to have trouble establishing appropriate sex roles and gender identity. The likelihood that a young male will engage in criminal activity doubles if he is raised without a father and triples if he lives in a neighborhood with a high concentration of single-parent families.Lastly, in a longitudinal study of 1,197 fourth-grade students, researchers observed â€Å"greater levels of agg ression in boys from mother-only households than from boys in mother-father households† (Parker). It’s very sad that all of that can be caused simply because a father is not around. Sometimes children don’t become a statistic and actually close the cycle they’ve been put in, but others aren’t so lucky. A child can grow-up just with his or her mother, but there are things that a mother just can’t do.She can’t stop her child for blaming himself or herself, and she can’t stop the mental and physical burden that her child has to endure. Yes, as a mother she can handle everything on her own, but in the end the child still wonders. I had a wonderful mother growing up, and I appreciated everything she did for me. As her son there were things I just couldn’t ask her or talk to her about: I couldn’t ask her about woman, how to talk to a girl, how to get a girl to like me, or even about sex. So I had to experience things on my own, I had to learn the hard way in most cases.I fell right into the statistics that haunt fatherless children, I did horrible in school, I ended up smoking marijuana, indulged in sexual activities at a young age, and ended up not graduating with my class in high school. Luckily I realized what road I was taking before it was too late, and sometimes all that takes is someone to step up, come into your life and be that father figure. For me, it was my Marine Corps Recruiter, I finally had someone to talk to me about the things I should have already known if I had a father in my life and if it wasn’t for him who knows where I would be right now.Not every child is lucky enough to have experienced what I did, some of the friends I had growing up ended up with kids at an early age, ended up in prison, or are just completely unhappy with their life. There’s one thing I promised myself when I was younger because of my experiences, and that’s is: No matter the situat ion or current point I am in, in my life, I will never have my seed go through what I went through growing up. I haven’t had any children yet for that reason; I’m waiting until I know for a fact that I’m ready, mentally, physically, and financially.Sometimes I even catch myself being happy that I grew up the way I did, I made some poor choices and mistakes that I learned from, and I probably wouldn’t be the man I am today if that would have happened, so for that I am grateful. Change is something that needs to happen not only in America but all over the world. Men as a whole need to start taking responsibilities for their actions and being there for their children, even though with some cases it is hard especially when the father loses all custody for his child, but even this is no excuse for not being around.Like I said earlier, women are strong and can handle anything you throw at them, but there are still things a woman can’t teach her son or da ughter. It doesn’t seem like much but a father or a father like figure makes a significant difference in a child’s life, that it could be the difference of being depressed to happy, successful and unsuccessful, prison or not, or even life or death. Works Cited Stuart,  Elizabeth. â€Å"Fatherless America? A third of children now live without their dad. † Deseret News. , 22 May 2011. Web. 4 May 2009. Parker, Wayne. â€Å"Statistics on Fatherless Children in  America. † About. com Guide. Web.

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today Fame, as they say, is fickle. It may take years to reap it and, when you do, you may not have the time to enjoy the fruits of your labor. This was the case for Confucius, an ancient Chinese philosopher whose ideas still resonate today. Who Was Confucius? Kong Qiu, or Master Kong as he was known, did not live to see his days of glory. During his lifetime, his views were received with scorn. But that was about 2,500 years ago. Following his death, a handful of his dedicated followers passed on Confucius teachings to future generations in the book, The Analects of Confucius. Confucius philosophies remained in the archives of ancient Chinese history. As his teachings spread far and wide, his philosophies gained ground. It took many years after Confucius death for his philosophies to be appreciated and revered, but today, Confucianism is an ethical school of thought adopted by many thinkers around the world. Confuciuss Political Life Though Confucius served the Duke of Lu, a Chinese state, he made many enemies with the nobles of the land. His views antagonized the powerful nobles, who wanted the Duke to be a puppet in their hands. Confucius was exiled from the State of Lu for more than two decades, so he lived in the countryside, spreading his teachings. Confuciuss Ideologies and Philosophy Confucius gave great importance to education. He devoted his time to gain new insights and learned from renowned scholars of his time. He started his own school at the age of 22. At that time, China was undergoing a state of ideological turmoil; all around there was injustice, war, and evil. Confucius established a moral code of conduct based on human principles of mutual respect, good conduct, and familial ties. Confucianism along with Taoism and Buddhism became the three religious pillars of China. Today, Confucius is revered not just as a moral teacher, but a divine soul who saved the world from moral degradation. Confucianism in the Modern World There is a growing interest in Confucianism in China and other parts of the world. More and more followers of Confucianism are advocating a deeper study of his philosophies. Confucius ideals stand true even today. His philosophy on how to be a Junzi or the perfect gentleman is based on the simple ideology of love and tolerance. 47 Sayings From Confucius Here is one of Confuciuss sayings: It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop. In a few words, Confucius teaches us about patience, perseverance, discipline, and hard work. But if you probe further, you will see more layers. Confuciuss philosophies, which are similar to humanist thought, have significantly influenced spiritual and social thought. His views bear insight and depth of wisdom, you can apply his teachings in every sphere of life.   Confucian proverbs  have the power to transform lives, but they are not for casual reading. When you read them once, you feel the power of his words; read twice, and you will appreciate his deep thought; read them over and over again, and you will be enlightened. Let these Confucian quotes guide you in life. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.They must often change who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.What the superior man seeks is in himself; what the small man seeks is in others.In a country well governed, poverty is something to be ashamed of. In a country badly governed, wealth is something to be ashamed of.It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.When anger rises, think of the consequences.When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, dont adjust the goals; adjust the action steps.Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a lack of courage.To be able under all circumstances to practice five things constitutes perfect virtue; these five things are gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness.To see what is right, and not to do it, is want of courage or of principle.Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue.Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves. Success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation, there is sure to be failure.Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire.Mens natures are alike, it is their habits that carry them far apart.Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.Real knowledge is to know the extent of ones ignorance.Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.Respect yourself and others will respect you.Silence is a true friend who never betrays.The superior man, when resting in safety, does not forget that danger may come. When in a state of security he does not forget the possibility of ruin. When all is orderly, he does not forget that disorder may come. Thus his person is not endangered, and his States and all their clans are preserved.The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge to reach your full potential... these are the keys that will unlock the door to person al excellence. Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without.Study the past if you would define the future.Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.Wisdom, compassion, and courage are the three universally recognized moral qualities of men.Forget injuries, never forget kindnesses.Have no friends not equal to yourself.He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.He who learns but does not think is lost! He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good.Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.A superior man is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions.Be not ashamed of mistakes and thus make them crimes.The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large.The superior man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what will sell. By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.He who will not economize will have to agonize.When we see men of a contrary character, we should turn inwards and examine ourselves.He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful may be called intelligent indeed.If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself.Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.If you look into your own heart, and you find nothing wrong there, what is there to worry about? What is there to fear?Ignorance is the night of the mind, but a night without moon and star.It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get. Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts?

Obesity and Adolescent Development essays

Obesity and Adolescent Development essays In recent studies of obesity in adolescents and young adults, it seems that researchers had discovered many effects beyond the purely physical that make overweight an unhealthy thing. In fact, the psychosocial effects are quite devastating as well, but they are not caused directly by the state of being heavy; they are caused more often by the individual's perceptions, what he or she believes about the overweight status that causes the harm. There is no firm conclusion yet as to whether a single factor or multiple factors cause the obesity that in turn contributes to the poor self-image. Some researchers believe that the overweight condition itself caused by a self-fulfilling prophecy allied to the overweight condition. There is only one thing that has become accepted as certain, a truism coined by Alfred Adler and quoted by Hoover and Whitehead, 2000: Numerous children grow up in the constant dread of being laughed at. Ridicule of children is well nigh criminal. It retains its effect on the soul of the child, and is transferred into the habits and actions of his adulthood. Alfred Adler on feelings of inferiority, p. 71 (1932) Current research shows that, in fact, obesity is the number one cause of children being ridiculed. Being overweight is one of the five most common reasons that boys and girls identified for being bullied, according to Hoover and Whitehead. (2000) And, says Munson, for obese adolescents who are teased and bullied, obesity is often associated with psychological and behavioral symptoms, although she adds that whether pediatric obesity should thus be labeled a psychiatric disorder is debatable and insufficient work has been done in that area to make a call one way or the other. Between Adler's stringent belief that being laughed at causes distress to the soul of a human being, and Munson's...

Evaluating the performance of Iranian football team utilizing linear Essay

Evaluating the performance of Iranian football team utilizing linear programming - Essay Example This in turn has a positive effect on the overall performance of the entire system. A major advantage that is experienced is that the analysis of the performance of the system can help the managers to come up with a sketch of a suitable plan for the allocation of the budget, common club revenues, rewards and the shared costs to decision making units (Cooper et al 2000). Charnes et al proposed a CCR model of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is a technique based on non parametric linear programming. It is normally used for measuring the relative efficiencies of a given set of decision making units which normally consume multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. Through further studies, more improvement was done on the previous work on the BCC model. A number of publications have done addressing the application of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) in football. In regard to this Guzman and Morrow made use of information from club’s financial statements in measuring the cooperate performance using the malmquist non parametric technique to measure the efficiency and production. A study conducted in the Spanish football league whereby comparison was done and the results were obtained on the basis of the potential. The Spanish league was also analyzed from a financial point of view (Guzman & Morrow, 2007). The need for analysis of complex decision making arises from the need to monitor the performance of football teams in Iran based on the available records of finance, performance trends and all activities associated with the management of football teams. This will help to make more informed decisions and improve the management and performance of football teams. Assume that we have n number of Decision making units whereby DMUj; j=1,2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,n using the input levels Xiij; i=1,2,†¦,m to produce output levels yrj, r=1,2,†¦.,s. let (xj, yj) denote the input output vector of Decision making units. Consider DMU0(x0, y0) which 0Ï µ{1,2,†¦,n}. The tree has 3

Urban growth policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban growth policy - Research Paper Example This means that the policies being formulated have to take into account the various social, economical, cultural and academic differences in the community. Child care is a critical component of any functional urban community. The increasing urban population in San Diego means there is an increasing number of children. Majority of San Diego’s population consists of the working class, and hence a need for a reliable child care policy for community development. Many parents depend on organized out of home care for their young children. Absence of a universal child care policy by federal and state governments has led communities to seek policies of ensuring reliable and sustainable child care. The government has, however, increased spending on pre schools from 2.4 billion to 4.2 billion. Subsidies for child care services have also tripled. Typical childcare facilities use low cost housing like churches and depend entirely on parents fees to run the facilities. The main objective of the Urban Development Policy in San Diego is to clarify the roles of the government and the community in the development agenda. Since urban development entails the understanding of the basic community groups, the government depends on the community to come up with policies that best suit it. The government provides the required advice, assistance and planning for the execution of the policies (Warner, 2007). Another objective is to increase collaboration and co-operation between departments in the community and those in the government. This creates synchronism between the government and the community and hence a favorable development atmosphere. Goals are easily attainable when there is mutual co-operation. To increase the community and government capacity in understanding and advancing in the development policy is another objective. The level of involvement by both community and government will directly affect the achievement of development

Project Initiation Document 'PID' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Initiation Document 'PID' - Assignment Example With other regions offering international higher education courses such as Canada, US, and China; the demand for UK higher education has declined (Universities UK, 2014). In this case, the project aims to accomplish the following objectives: Three areas provide the rationale for this project. Firstly, the UK higher education sector has suffered significant drop of 49% in enrolling international students. Secondly, sectors such as U.S., Canada, and China have increased demand as UK system continues to drop. Third, following political stability and economic improvements, a higher number of Saudi students is seeking higher education institutions to study in. The decrease in the number of international students studying in the UK from the year 2012 to 2014 has impacted various areas of the education system. It is considered that higher education adds significant contribution to the national GDP and also invited diversity. However, following the decrease in students, it is difficult to sustain the system. This project aims at providing a platform that would enable UK universities to recruit Saudi Arabian students in an effort to regulate the drop and sustain full capacity tutoring. The increase in the number of international students taking courses in the U.S., Canada, and China can be attributed to the drop of international students in the UK. Thus, this project aims at targeting Saudi Arabian students in order to prevent the UK education system from collapsing (Universities UK, 2014). The project serves the purpose of inviting Saudi Arabian students to fill the gap that has recently been experienced through international students’ demand for higher education in other sectors. Finally, Saudi Arabia is a Middle East nation that depends on oil. A stable political environment and wealth generation has spawned a generation that requires higher education to manage businesses. Due to increased demand, the project targets Saudi Arabian students who have recently

Ethics Game Dilemmas Essay Example for Free

Ethics Game Dilemmas Essay After completing the ethics games and answering the questions regarding two different dilemma faced by the company G-BioSports, I have compiled this report to present the issues that were brought up in both scenarios. The situations were taken from the point of view of the Associate Director of Operations if the company and the goal was to enforce the company policies, keep the company safe from any lawsuits, act fairly, and come up with the best solution for all parties involved. It is well known that what is legal may or may not be ethical (Trevino, 2011). According to Loyola Marymount University, there is a three-step strategy to resolve ethical problems. Step one is to analyze the consequences, step two analyze the actions, and step three to make a decision. (Loyola, 2009) Mysterious Blogger The ethical dilemma faced by G-BioSports is that one of the employees has been posting blogs regarding company products and safety procedures. However, none of the blog posts were particularly harmful to the company. This issue is ranked one of the â€Å"ten issues raised by IT capabilities.† The issue is privacy: does information’s availability justify its use? (techrepublic.com, 2006) The subsequent issue involved an anonymous email sent by an IT employee named Jamal Moore. He bypassed company security procedures to illegally access company intranet and track blogging from a home PC, as well as sending an anonymous email to expose the blogger. After further review of all email documents, the next step was to determine what company policies had been undermined by these actions. In regards to the anonymous email sent by Jamal, company policy states that â€Å"email transmissions sent outside of our intranet raise confidentiality concerns.† As well as, â€Å"There is a legitimate concern about the security of external email.† Jamal is therefore breaking the company code of conduct for using company resources on his home computer, as well as bypassing security protocols due to his IT knowledge. Aaron also violated the company’s Confidential Information section of policy which reads, â€Å"Also, employees may not discuss the company’s business, information, or prospects in any chat room, or web log (blog), regardless of whether t hey use their own name or a pseudonym.† These policies show that Aaron’s actions violate the contractual agreement forbidding him to expose company information, even if it is for a non-threatening purpose. Both cases should result in some form of disciplinary action. In order to fairly justify the disciplinary action  performed all parties involved must be identified, ranking them from highest to lowest impact. After analyzing the effects on all people involved, diagnosing and comparing possible solutions to disciplinary measures must be tackled. The final step would be in implementing the best course of action which meets all goals and would best suite our company and its values. It was helpful when reviewing each solution, to choose an ethical perspective or lens to identify the best course of action from a non-personal standpoint. When evaluating the situation, I examined each of the different perspectives of each ethical lens and how our company’s values could be incorporated into each lens. The Rights and Responsibility lens best fit our company’s overall position on ethical issues (Trevino, 2011). Veiled ID The second ethical simulation examines different aspects of diversity and corporate ethical standards. The incident involved a former employee break-in to company premises and assaulting a current employee who was hospitalized. New security measures need to be implemented in order to prevent any future security breaches. The decision was made to create security measures that will require all employees to carry a photo ID badge to grant access into company facilities. Aisha Mullah, a valued employee for many years, has an ethical inquiry about the photo ID system. Aisha practices the Muslim faith and it is a strict religious requirement that her face must be covered at all times, including in photos. The ethical issue at hand is how to develop a security policy that protects the safety of our employees and accommodates anyone with special needs similar to hers. G-BioSports new security measures should improve employee safety as well as create a good work environment for success. The first step in the decision making process is determining the ethical issue or dilemma. In Aisha’s case, the implementation of photo ID’s for security purposes will create a problem due to her religious beliefs. G-BioSports code of ethics guidelines states, Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity that, â€Å"Promoting diversity within our workforce is important†. It also states â€Å"G-BioSports strictly prohibits discrimination or harassment on the basis of gender, gender identity, race, color, veteran status, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, mental, or physical disability†. After thorough evaluation of all possible ethical perspectives and issues, I believe the  relationship lens is the correct procedure to follow. This lens would tell us that because our relationship with our employees is necessary to maintain a safe, productive, and morally structured environment we need to take special needs of employees in consideration. This employee needs leniency on the security policy in order to maintain her religious views, but the rest of the company would still follow the ID policy. This way the group as a whole will benefit from the security measures and the relationship with the employee with special needs will be satisfied. Any future ethical problems that arise can be handled in a similar way and employees will feel comfortab le presenting issues they are experiencing with management. Personal Relation The ethical issues that were discussed related to my company in that many employees of my company are from different cultural backgrounds, religions, and have different sexual preferences. Discrimination is definitely something that could be a major problem with the group of individuals that work for the company but the accepting policies and procedures allow for everyone to fit in and feel comfortable. There is no need to hide anything about our personal background in order to get the job or to keep your current without being discriminated against. References Loyola Marymount University. (2009). Resolving an ethical dilemma. Retrieved from http://www.lmu.edu/Page27945.aspx Techrepublic.com. (August 15, 2006. 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers. Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/6105942 Trevino, L.K. Nelson, K.A. (2011). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Dr. Noddings Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teaching Nodd

Dr. Noddings' Philosophy of Education Nel Noddings is a name unfamiliar to most people outside the educational community; but within it, even at 78, she remains one of the most influential voices. Her central passion which has carried her through 23 years of public school teaching, 10 children, a masters and Ph. D. degree, and over 20 years as a member of the faculty at Stanford can be summed up in one word: care. She writes of it, speaks about it, and practices it. What does Noddings mean when she writes of guiding teachers, â€Å"toward greater sensitivity and competence across all the domains of care.† Does it have a practical methodology behind it? Is it an appeal to pathos? It is difficult to thoroughly unpack all the Noddings has said about caring, but we can initiate our exploration of her concept by reading Maxine Greene's summary of the idea: â€Å"...the caring teacher tries to look through students' eyes, to struggle with them as subjects in search of their own projects, their own ways of making sense of the world.† (129, Philosophical Documents†¦) The idea appears exciting and innovative at first glance, but upon further analysis (as well as comparison with competing educational philosophies) we see that it is a modern form of one of two predominant, competing paradigms within Western tradition. The first paradigm tells us that a welleducated person is, as Locke puts it, â€Å"produced† (55) by the educator. The second paradigm is apparent in Reed and Johnson's summary of Aristotle, â€Å"...to assist human beings in developing their unique capacity to contemplate the world and their role in it.† (18) Noddings compels her reader to the furthest corners of the â€Å"assist† paradigm. For a teacher to â€Å"care† as Noddings prescrib... ...ed about just as much as theirs. Bibliography Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Renewing Democracy in Schools.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: April 1999. Vol. 80, Iss. 8; pg. 579, 5 pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Educating Whole People: A Response to Jonathan Cohen.† Harvard Educational Review: Summer 1999. Vol. 76, Iss. 2; pg. 338. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Teaching Themes of Care.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: May 1995. Vol. 76, Iss. 9; pg. 675, 5pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Thinking About Standards.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: Nov 1997. Vol. 79, Iss. 3; pg. 184, 6 pgs. Noddings, Nel. " Two Concepts of Caring." Philosophy of Education Yearbook. May 29, 2007 http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/eps/PES-Yearbook/1999/noddings.asp>. Reed, Ronald; Johnson, Tony W., ed. "Aristotle,† and â€Å"Maxine Greene." Philosophical Documents in Education. 2nd ed. Vol. 77. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.

Identity in Literature Essay

â€Å"You are not your job; you’re not how much money you have in the bank. You are not the car you drive. You’re not the contents of your wallet. You are not your fucking khakis. You are all singing, all dancing crap of the world. † In this excerpt from the book Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, the main character screams this at the group of men standing in front of him while laying down the rules before the first fight of the night. This repetitive and forceful series of statements is directly challenging exactly what the men have always assumed they hold dear and they above all else know: their identities. Identity can be discussed and addressed in many different ways in many diverse media outlets. In the following analyzed and critiqued essays by Bruno Bettelheim, Raymond Carver, and Jorge Luis Borges respectively: the theme of identity is conferred by the phases of establishment, alteration, uncertainty, and realization. The first essay to be analyzed is Bruno Bettelheim’s. In the essay â€Å"The Introduction to the Uses of Enchantment† by Bruno Bettelheim, the writer and psychologist discusses the number of functions that traditional and folk fairy tales can and have served. He says in this work that fairy tales are crucial to children and their development because they encourage the development of the children’s identity. In a direct excerpt from his essay, this is directly addressed. Communicating in a manner which reaches the uneducated mind of the child as well as that of the sophisticated adult . . . airy tales carry important messages to the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious mind, on whatever level each is functioning at the time. By dealing with universal human problems, particularly those which preoccupy a child’s mind, these stories speak to his budding ego and encourage its development, while at the same time relieving preconscious and unconscious pressures† (235). Here, the author describes how the fairy tales in question have been able to aide in the development of children’s psychological workings and, in turn, the establishment of the understanding of their self-identity. This is quite easily understood in remembrance of the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood, which warns young boys and girls to avoid strangers as well as be extremely cautious when traveling alone. Fairy tales teach children that â€Å"struggle against severe difficulties in life is unavoidable† (237). Besides the reading of fairy tales, every day experience also leads to the change in associative identity. In Raymond Carter’s â€Å"Cathedral†, there is a very subtle yet directly significant change in identity and understanding within the main character. The main character is a very assumptive man with very little more to say on a subject other than he likes or doesn’t like it, almost as if he doesn’t really care. When the blind friend named Robert of his wife visits, his entire perspective is changed. At the end, the line, â€Å"My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything† (126), the main character experiences Robert’s world of seeing things without actually seeing; metaphorically, his eyes were opened while they were closed. The main character can now suddenly understand that all his preconceived assumptions and notions were just stereotypes when, in reality, they life of the blind man might even be more fulfilling than that of those who can see normally. This essay is showing the alteration in identity within the main character because suddenly, he is open to the idea that Robert is nothing that he assumed and is truly someone to revere and look up to. This changes his identity because one’s mindset is directly related to the identity that one has. Another type of identity change occurs within the next essay. While there are two specific selected works by Jorge Luis Borges that are closely associated with identity, the first to be discussed will be â€Å"The Circular Ruins. † In this essay, the author writes of a magician creating the perfect son within his mind and dreaming him into a type of existence separate from the waking life of the magician himself. In the end, he experiences something that changes his entire life and perspective of things. â€Å"He recalled that, of all the creatures of the world, fire was the only one that knew his son was a phantom . . . ut then he knew that death was coming to crown his old age and absolve him of his labors. He walked into the shreds of flame. But they did not bite his flesh; they caressed him and engulfed him without heat or combustion. With relief, with humiliation, with terror, he understood that he too was a mere appearance, dreamt by another† (49 and 50). This is a definite change in the magician’s identity and the perfect representation of a revision to a previous identity. His encounter with the fire shows that he is actually a dream himself, not his â€Å"son. This is a change in identity because what he thought was a real life and existence his entire life was actually the dream of another person on a different plane from him. His realization to this fact allows an entire transformation of character and identity as he will begin the road to coping with his new-found knowledge. This is significant because it reinforces the fact that what one person thought they were their entire lives could actually all be challenged and defeated in one brief and exact moment. Another way of challenging the identity of a person is through a spiritual enlightenment that leads to further recognition of one’s self. In the second analyzed essay by Jorge Luis Borges, there is a somewhat similar but slightly altered message of identity. In â€Å"The Writing of the God,† the main character Tzinacan is tortured and starved by the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado. Tzinacan goes through a change of identity when he suddenly goes through a stage of enlightenment from being imprisoned and left to his own devices in a sandy prison. â€Å". . there occurred union with the deity; union with the universe. . . I saw a wheel of enormous height, which was not before my eyes, or behind them, or to the sides, but everywhere at once. This wheel was made of water, but also of fire, and although I could see its boundaries, it was infinite. It was made of all things that shall be, that are, and that have been, all intertwined, and I was one of the strands within that all-encompassing fabric. . . † (253). This direct excerpt shows Tzinacan’s sudden moment of understanding and knowledge. Here, is an abrupt recognition that he is not one man with one status or one purpose but is instead one with everything and nothing at once. His acknowledgment that he is linked with all things but without all those other things and parts to the universe, he ceases to exist at all. This is an example of an alteration to identity because Tzinacan goes from being a high and mighty priest who was captured and tortured to simply another thread in universal web of occurrences with each creature created by a higher being. Identity is how we as human beings associate or disassociate ourselves with others. We find our own identity from life experiences and distinguish that identity from the pressures of society when compared to one’s own strength of will. A young woman may dissipate her identity by the men she is involved with, or the young man might engorge his identity by the job promotion he just received and the luxurious cars he drives. These identities are ever-changing and expansive, within our own minds and within the population of history. From the fairy tales we are read as children to eye-opening events in our late-adulthood, each happenstance of personality or value helps shape who we are and who we portray ourselves to be.